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Processes
Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/pr11071971
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Article

Torrefaction under Different Reaction Atmospheres to Improve the Fuel Properties of Wheat Straw

by
Ricardo Torres Ramos
1,
Benjamín Valdez Salas
2,
Gisela Montero Alpírez
2,
Marcos A. Coronado Ortega
2,
Mario A. Curiel Álvarez
2,
Olivia Tzintzun Camacho
1 and
Mary Triny Beleño Cabarcas
1,*
1
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali 21705, Baja California, Mexico
2
Institute of Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2023, 11(7), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071971
Submission received: 7 June 2023 / Revised: 19 June 2023 / Accepted: 27 June 2023 / Published: 29 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Process Engineering and Simulation)
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Abstract

This study aimed to produce biochar with an energy value in the range of sub-bituminous carbon by investigating the effect of oxidative and non-oxidative torrefaction on the torrefaction yield and fuel properties of wheat straw. Three independent variables were considered at different levels: temperature (230, 255, 280, 305 °C), residence time (20, 40, 60 min), and reaction atmosphere (0, 3, 6 vol% O2; N2 balance); and three dependent variables: mass yield, energy yield, and percentage increase in higher heating value (HHV). The results showed that it is possible to produce a sub-bituminous carbon type C biochar using oxidative torrefaction, significantly reducing time and temperature compared with non-oxidative torrefaction. The optimum torrefaction conditions were 287 °C–20 min–6.0% O2, which increased the HHV of wheat straw from 13.86 to 19.41 MJ kg−1. The mass and energy yields were 44.11 and 61.78%, respectively. The physicochemical and fuel properties of the obtained biochar were improved compared with the raw biomass. The atomic O/C ratio was reduced from 1.38 to 0.86. In addition, the hydroxyl groups in the lignocellulosic structure decreased and the hemicellulose content decreased from 26.08% to 1.61%. This improved grindability, thermal stability, porosity, and hydrophobicity.
Keywords: agricultural residues; biofuels; oxidative torrefaction; non-oxidative torrefaction; response surface methodology (RSM) agricultural residues; biofuels; oxidative torrefaction; non-oxidative torrefaction; response surface methodology (RSM)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Torres Ramos, R.; Valdez Salas, B.; Montero Alpírez, G.; Coronado Ortega, M.A.; Curiel Álvarez, M.A.; Tzintzun Camacho, O.; Beleño Cabarcas, M.T. Torrefaction under Different Reaction Atmospheres to Improve the Fuel Properties of Wheat Straw. Processes 2023, 11, 1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071971

AMA Style

Torres Ramos R, Valdez Salas B, Montero Alpírez G, Coronado Ortega MA, Curiel Álvarez MA, Tzintzun Camacho O, Beleño Cabarcas MT. Torrefaction under Different Reaction Atmospheres to Improve the Fuel Properties of Wheat Straw. Processes. 2023; 11(7):1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071971

Chicago/Turabian Style

Torres Ramos, Ricardo, Benjamín Valdez Salas, Gisela Montero Alpírez, Marcos A. Coronado Ortega, Mario A. Curiel Álvarez, Olivia Tzintzun Camacho, and Mary Triny Beleño Cabarcas. 2023. "Torrefaction under Different Reaction Atmospheres to Improve the Fuel Properties of Wheat Straw" Processes 11, no. 7: 1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071971

APA Style

Torres Ramos, R., Valdez Salas, B., Montero Alpírez, G., Coronado Ortega, M. A., Curiel Álvarez, M. A., Tzintzun Camacho, O., & Beleño Cabarcas, M. T. (2023). Torrefaction under Different Reaction Atmospheres to Improve the Fuel Properties of Wheat Straw. Processes, 11(7), 1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071971

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