Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Organic PCMs: These are typically made up of paraffins, fatty acids, and esters, among other organic substances. They have benefits including inexpensive price, high latent heat, and adaptability to different applications.
- Inorganic PCMs: These are made of inorganic components such metals, non-metals, and salt hydrates. Inorganic PCMs are renowned for their stability and strong heat-storage capacity and frequently exhibit high thermal conductivity.
- Eutectic mixtures are made up of two or more materials that have a melting point that is lower than the sum of their parts. Eutectic PCMs are advantageous due to their high heat-storage capacity and sharp melting point.
2. Nanoencapsulated PCMs (NEPCMs)
- Applications related to heat transfer require the use of suspensions that are stable during pumping and flowing. Therefore, it is more interesting to use nanoencapsulated PCMs, which have higher suspension stability, super-high specific surface area, minimal pump breakage, and promising structures in terms of management and storage of energy.
- PCMs can release or store heat by exchanging it with the surrounding environment. Indeed, these exchanges are more important and faster when the size of the PCM particles is reduced (high surface area to volume ratio).
- Compared to the microencapsulation process, the nanoencapsulation of PCMs is expected to result in the fabrication of energy-storage systems with higher characteristics, and the generation of more heat transfer in the system.
2.1. Preparation of NEPCMs
2.1.1. In-Situ Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Emulsion/Mini-Emulsion Polymerization
Interfacial Polymerization
2.1.2. Physicochemical Techniques
Coacervation
Sol–Gel
Supercritical CO2-Assisted Encapsulation
2.1.3. Physicomechanical Techniques
Spray-Drying Techniques
Electrohydrodynamic Process
2.2. Applications of NEPCMs
- Solid-to-liquid phase transition;
- Large amount of energetic changes;
- Stabilization of temperature;
- Variation in thermal conduction during phase transition.
2.2.1. Thermal Management of Electronic Devices
2.2.2. Food Industry
2.2.3. Thermal Storage in Buildings
- Active TES systems: heat transfer is generated by forced convection and, in some cases, also by mass transfer such as with a heat exchanger [81,82]. Active PCM-based systems require mechanical equipment or an additional power source for their operation, such as electricity for pumps or fans. These systems are best suited to situations where greater heat-transfer performance or better application control is required.
- Passive TES systems: the employed PCMs exploit naturally available energy sources (for example, solar power or wind) as well as the architecture of building components to minimize energy requirements [83]. Passive systems reduce the use of mechanical heating or cooling systems. There is no need for additional energy input as heat is charged or discharged when the temperature of the environment rises or falls beyond the phase-change temperature of the PCM. These PCMs can be used in building ceilings; floors; walls; cooling, heating, and hot water systems; etc. [84,85].
2.2.4. Solar Energy Storage
- It is intermittent (day/night);
- It is random (thunderstorms and cloud passages);
- It is diluted and shifted in relation to daily or seasonal energy demands.
2.2.5. Heat Exchangers
2.2.6. Smarts: Textiles, Clothes, and Footwear
3. Nano-Enhanced PCMs for Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Authors | Configuration | Used PCM(s) | Used Nanoparticle(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Karaagaç et al. [99] | paraffin wax | Al2O3 | |
Aqib et al. [106] | paraffin wax | Al2O3 and MWCNTs | |
Elarem et al. [107] | paraffin wax | copper (Cu) | |
Chen et al. [108] | lauric acid | Al2O3 | |
Saeed et al. [109] | 2-hydroxypropyl ether cellulose is introduced to stabilize the PCM | nano-graphene platelets (NGPs) | |
Alomair et al. [110] | coconut oil biobased in PCM | copper oxide | |
Ali et al. [122] | paraffin wax | nano graphene composite | |
Gong et al. [123] | 1-octadecanol (OD) | nano-silicon carbide (SiC), expanded graphite (EG) SiC/EG composite | |
Raj et al. [124] | NA: Characterization | manganese organo-metallic SS-PCM | liquid metal gallium |
Hosseinzadeh et al. [100,101] | water | hybrid nanoparticles (HNP) (MoS2–Fe3O4) and (TiO2-Go) | |
Ebadi et al. [119,120] | coconut oil | copper oxide CuO | |
Khan and Khan [118] | paraffin | graphene nano-platelets (GNP) | |
Parameshwaran, and Kalaiselvam [116] | not specified | silver nanoparticles | |
Al-Jethelah et al. [115] | coconut oil | CuO | |
Hosseinzadeh et al. [114] | water | MoS2–TiO2 | |
Kumar and Mylsamy [113] | paraffin and NEPCMs | nano-CeO2 | |
Ho et al. [112] | water | n-eicosane | |
Praveen et al. [111] | paraffin (ME/GnP PCM) | graphene nano-platelets (GnP) | |
Li et al. [125] | ternary carbonate salt | without nanoparticles: Encapsulated PCM | |
Elbahjaoui et al. [126] | paraffin wax P116 | copper | |
Kumar et al. [127] | PCM | calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, copper | |
Ben Khedher et al. [128] | paraffin wax | CNT, Al2O3 | |
Kolsi et al. [129] | Encapsulated Paraffin | CNT |
4. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANN | Artificial Neural Network |
CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
CPV/TSD | Concentrated Photovoltaic–Thermal Solar Dryer |
DR | Drying Rate |
FEM | Finite Element Method |
GNPs | Graphene Nano-Platelets |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
LHS | Latent Heat Storage |
LHTES | Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage |
LTES | Latent Thermal Energy Storage |
MCHS | Microchannel Heat Sink |
MePCM | Micro-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material |
MR | Moisture Ratio |
MWCNTs | Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes |
NEPCM | Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Material |
NEnPCM | Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Material |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
PCM | Phase-Change Material |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
SF | Silk Fibroin |
SVM | Support Vector Machines |
TES | Thermal Energy Storage |
TESS | Thermal Energy Storage System |
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Khlissa, F.; Mhadhbi, M.; Aich, W.; Hussein, A.K.; Alhadri, M.; Selimefendigil, F.; Öztop, H.F.; Kolsi, L. Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review. Processes 2023, 11, 3219. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113219
Khlissa F, Mhadhbi M, Aich W, Hussein AK, Alhadri M, Selimefendigil F, Öztop HF, Kolsi L. Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review. Processes. 2023; 11(11):3219. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113219
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhlissa, Faïçal, Mohsen Mhadhbi, Walid Aich, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Muapper Alhadri, Fatih Selimefendigil, Hakan F. Öztop, and Lioua Kolsi. 2023. "Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review" Processes 11, no. 11: 3219. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113219