True Triaxial Test and Research into Bolting Support Compensation Stresses for Coal Roadways at Different Depths

During the excavation and support construction process used in coal mine roadways, the stress path is the unloading of in situ stress and the compensation of support stress. The 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm coal mass samples were obtained in situ underground and prepared, the true triaxial loading–unloading–confining pressure restoring test method was used, and the mechanical response and deformation failure evolution characteristics of the coal seam during the excavation and support process of the shallow, medium depth, and deep coal roadways in the coal mine were simulated and studied. Based on the distribution law of the bolt and cable support stress field, the support compensation stress required for the stability of the surrounding rock after the excavation of the coal roadway with different burial depths was determined, and the corresponding roadways’ surrounding rock control technologies were proposed. This study’s results indicate that the compensation stress required for support in shallow coal roadways (with a burial depth of about 200 m) was much less than 0.1 MPa. A single rock bolt support can keep the surrounding rock of the roadway stable; the compensation stress required for support in the medium buried coal roadway (with a depth of about 600 m) is around 0.1 MPa, and the combined support of rock bolts and cables can meet the support requirements. Deep coal roadways under high stress (with a depth of about 1000 m) require support to provide compensation stress. Even if the compensation stress reaches 0.2 MPa, the surrounding rock of the roadway will experience varying degrees of creep. In this study, it was necessary to increase the support density and surface area of rock bolts and cables, the pre-tension forces of rock bolts and cables were improved, and in synergy with grouting modification, destressing and other technologies could control the large deformation of the surrounding rock of the roadway in 1000 m deep coal mines. This study’s results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of control technologies for use in coal roadways at different depths.