Continuous Systems Bioremediation of Wastewaters Loaded with Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Parameters in Metal Removal from Wastewaters—Discontinuous versus Continuous Systems
3. Microorganisms Immobilization for Heavy Metals Removal
4. Performance of Continuous Removal of Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms
5. Sorption-Desorption of Heavy Metals Removal Using Microorganisms
6. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of Metal Removal from Wastewaters Using Microorganisms in Continuous Systems
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Support | Immobilized Microorganism Specie | Metal Ion | Experimental Conditions | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles | Bacillus licheniformis | Pb(II) | pH = 6, Ci = 200 mg/L, D = 0.7 g/L, t = 12 h, T = 30 °C | 98% 113.84 mg/g | [52] |
Synthesized titania | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Cr(VI) | pH = 1, Ci = 100 mg/L, t = 82.5 min, T = 30 °C | 99.92% 162.07 mg/g | [54] |
Nanosilica | Aspergillus ustus, Fusarium verticillioides, Pencillium funiculosum | Cr(III) | pH = 7, Ci = 0.1 mol/L, D = 15 g/L, t = 30 min, T = 25 ± 1 °C | 128.26, 138.66, and 97.06 mg/g | [53] |
Cr(VI) | pH = 2, Ci = 0.1 mol/L, D = 15 g/L, t = 30 min, T = 25 ± 1°C | 336.24, 332.77 and 197.58 mg/g | |||
Silicon dioxide nano-powder | Aspergillus ustus | Cd(II) | pH = 7, Ci = 0.01 mol/L, D = 1.5 g/L, t = 30 min, T = 25 ± 1 °C | 112.41 mg/g | [73] |
Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Cu(II) | pH = 4.5, Ci = 40–500 mg/L, D = 1.5 g/L, t = 2 h, T = 28 °C | 96.8%, 144.9 mg/g | [40] |
Zeolite NaY | Escherichia coli | Fe(III) | Ci = 6–99 mg/L, pH = 2.7–3.5, t = 10 days, T = 37 °C | 100% | [74] |
Ni(II) | pH = 5.7–6.2, Ci = 11–117 mg/L, t = 10 days, T = 37 °C | 82.5–85.5% | |||
Alginate | Arthrospira platensis (SAG257.80) | Pb(II) | pH = 4, Ci = 100 mg/L, D = 20 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 27 ± 1 °C | 65.91 mg/g | [48] |
Silica gel | pH = 5.5, Ci = 100 mg/L, D = 20 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 27 ± 1 °C | 2.68 mg/g | |||
Agarose | pH = 5, Ci = 100 mg/L, D = 20 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 27 ± 1 °C | 31.53 mg/g | |||
Ca-alginate | Scenedesmus quadricauda | Cu(II) | pH = 5.0, Ci = 600 mg/L, t = 120 min, T = 25 °C | 75.6 mg/g | [75] |
Zn(II) | 55.2 mg/g | ||||
Ni(II) | 30.4 mg/g | ||||
Biochar derived from rice straw | Bacillus cereus RC-1 | Cd(II) | pH = 7, Ci = 180 mg/L, D = 0.2 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 28 ± 2 °C | 158.77 mg/g | [67] |
Biochar derived from chicken manure | 110.14 mg/g | ||||
Biochar derived from sewage sludge | 127.71 mg/g | ||||
Sodium alginate | Sulfate-reducing bacteria | Fe(III) | pH = 7, Ci = 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L, t =120 h, T = 30 °C | 85–95% | [28] |
Zn(II) | 85–95% | ||||
Cd(II) | 85–95% | ||||
Pb(II) | 85–95% | ||||
Ni(II) | 75–95% | ||||
γ-Fe2O3 magnetic chitosan | Aspergillus sydowii | Cd(II) | Ci = 50 mg/L, D = 0,76 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 28 °C | 56.40 mg/g | [65] |
Agar beads | Pseudomonas putida | Cu(II) | pH = 4.3, Ci = 2 to 60 mg/L, D = 30 g/L, t = 4 h (for Cu(II)) and 6 h (for Zn(II)), T = 24 °C | 0.255 mg/g | [62] |
Zn(II) | 0.170 mg/g | ||||
Kaolin | Escherichia coli | Cr(VI) | pH = 5.0, Ci = 10–200 mg/L, D = 6.66 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 25 °C | 91 mg/g | [76] |
Zn(II) | 78 mg/g | ||||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Cr(VI) | 56 mg/g | |||
Zn(II) | 49 mg/g | ||||
Alginate | Aspergillus niger | Th(IV) | pH = 6.0, Ci = 80–200 mg/L, D = 0.04 g/L, t = 480 min, T = 40 °C | 303.95 mg/g | [47] |
Ca-alginate | Chlorella vulgaris | Fe(II) | Ci = 30–300 mg/L; pH = 6.0, D = 0.4 g/L, t = 300 min, T = 25 °C | 129.83 mg/g | [46] |
Mn(II) | 115.90 mg/g | ||||
Zn (II) | 105.29 mg/g | ||||
Loofa sponge | Chlorella sorokiniana | Cr(III) | pH = 4.0, Ci = 10–300 mg/L, D = 0.4 g/L, t = 20 min, T = 25 ± 2 °C | 69.26 mg/g | [77] |
Magnetic chitosan beads | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Sr(II) | pH = 6, Ci = 5–300 mg/L, D = 2 g/L, T = 30 °C | 36.97 mg/g | [64] |
Co(II) | 30.92 mg/g | ||||
Cs(I) | 16.67 mg/g | ||||
Magnetic Fe3O4− phthalate nanoparticles | Staphylococcus aureus | Pb(II) | pH = 5, Ci = 0.03–0.5 mmol/L, D = 1.5 g/L, t = 20 min, T = 25 °C | 100%, 280.75 mg/g | [78] |
Ni(II) | 97.5%, 57.81 mg/g | ||||
Cu(II) | 89.2%, 50.52 mg/g | ||||
Bio-carrier Beads (polysulfone matrix) | Bacillus drentensis LMG 21831T | Pb(II) | Ci = 0.01–100 mg/L, D = 40 g/L, t = 24 h, T = 20 °C | 0.3332 mg/g | [79] |
Cu(II) | 0.5598 mg/g | ||||
Ca-alginate | Bacillus cereus M116 | Ni(II) | pH = 6.0, Ci = 25–1000 mg/L, D = 3.8 mg/L, t = 200 min | 125 mg/g | [49] |
Textile made of 100% polyester | Aspergillus australensis | Cu(II) | pH = 5.5, Ci = 20 mg/L, t = 24 h, T = 35 °C | 34.46%, 2.46 mg/g | [63] |
Metal | Microalgae Species | Bioreactor Type | Optimal Conditions | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr(VI) | Scenedesmus quadricauda biochar | Fixed-bed column (100 mm height and 6.6 mm internal diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 5; pH= 2; Temperature (°C) = 22; Biosorbent dose (g) = 0,2; Flow rate (mL/min) = 2; Saturation time (min) = 810; | 57.58% | [84] |
13.10 mg/g | |||||
Spirulina platensis (calcium alginate beads) | Packed-bed column (35 cm height and 2 cm internal diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 100; pH = 1.5; Temperature (°C) = 30; Biosorbent dose (g) = 140 (9.5 g of S. platensis); Flow rate (L/h) = 3.5; | 99% | [50] | |
- | |||||
Pb(II) | Oscillatoria princeps (92%), Spirogyra aequinoctialis (3%), Oscillatoria subbrevis (2%), Oscillatoria formosa (1%), and other species (1%) | Fluidized bed system (1 m height and 7.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 4; Temperature (°C) = 20; Biosorbent dose (g) = 1; Flow rate (L/h) = 100; Bed height (cm) = 2.5; Particle size (mm) = 0.6–1; | - | [80] |
44.5 mg/g | |||||
Spirulina platensis (alginate beads, chitosan, respectively) | Packed-bed column (30 cm height and 2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 100; pH = 5–6; Temperature (°C) = 25; Biosorbent dose (g/L) = 1; Flow rate (mL/min) = 2; Beads size (mm) = 2; | - | [45] | |
621.6 mg/g, 124.32 mg/g, respectively | |||||
Cd(II) | Oscillatoria princeps (92%), Spirogyra aequinoctialis (3%), Oscillatoria subbrevis (2%), Oscillatoria formosa (1%), and other species (1%) | Fluidized bed system (1 m height and 7.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 4; Temperature (°C) = 20; Biosorbent dose (g) = 1; Flow rate (L/h) = 100; Bed height (cm) = 2,5; Beads size (mm) = 0.6–1; | - | [80] |
39.5 mg/g | |||||
Spirulina platensis (alginate beads, chitosan, respectively) | Packed-bed column (30 cm height and 2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 100; pH = 5–6; Temperature (°C) = 25; Biosorbent dose (g/L) = 1; Flow rate (mL/min) = 2; Beads size (mm) = 2; | - | [45] | |
213.58 mg/g, 89.93 mg/g, respectively | |||||
As(II) | Oscillatoria princeps (92%), Spirogyra aequinoctialis (3%), Oscillatoria subbrevis (2%), Oscillatoria formosa (1%), and other species (1%) | Fluidized bed system (1 m height and 7.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 4; Temperature (°C) = 20; Biosorbent dose (g) = 1; Flow rate (L/h) = 100; Bed height (cm) = 2,5; Beads size (mm) = 0.6–1; | - | [80] |
35 mg/g | |||||
Cu(II) | Oscillatoria princeps (92%), Spirogyra aequinoctialis (3%), Oscillatoria subbrevis (2%), Oscillatoria formosa (1%), and other species (1%) | Fluidized bed system (1 m height and 7.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 5; Temperature (°C) = 20; Biosorbent dose (g) = 1; Flow rate (L/h) = 100; Bed height (cm) = 2,5; Beads size (mm) = 0.6–1; | - | [80] |
41 mg/g | |||||
Spirulina platensis (alginate beads, chitosan, respectively) | Packed-bed column (30 cm height and 2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 100; pH = 5–6; Temperature (°C) = 25; Biosorbent dose (g/L) = 1; Flow rate (mL/min) = 2; Beads size (mm) = 2; | - | [45] | |
196.99 mg/g, 63.54 mg/g, respectively |
Metal | Bacteria Species | Bioreactor Type | Optimal Conditions | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Cr | Arthrobacter viscosus | Acrylic column (25 cm height and 3.2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 26; pH = 2; Room temperature; Flow rate (mL/min) = 10; Exhaustion time (min) = 350; Biofilm amount (g/L) = 5.75; | 100% | [85] |
20.37 mg/g | |||||
Microbial consortia immobilized beads (Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli) | Continuous flow reactor (30 cm height and 2.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 10; pH = 7; Temperature (°C) = 37; Flow rate (mL/min) = 0.5; Saturation time (min) = 120; Bed height (cm) = 18; Particle size (mm) = 1–2; 5% bacterial consortium in a bead; | 51 ± 4.23% | [86] | |
224 ± 8.16 mg/g | |||||
Alginate beads loaded with Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis | Column (30 cm height and 1.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 300; pH = 3; Temperature (°C) = 30; Flow rate (mL/min) = 3; Saturation time (min) = 105 Bed height (cm) = 20; Particle size (mm) = 1; 5% (w/v) bacterial consortium; | 23.94% | [30] | |
657 mg/g | |||||
Total Cr | Arthrobacter viscosus | Acrylic column (25 cm height and 3.2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 26; pH = 2; Room temperature; Flow rate (mL/min) = 10; Exhaustion time (min) = 350; Biofilm amount (g/L) = 5.75; | 42.4% | [85] |
20.37 mg/g | |||||
Pb(II) | Free, immobilized (respectively) Aeromonas hydrophila | Fixed-bed column (30 cm height and 2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 103.6; pH = 5; Temperature (°C) = 30; Flow rate = 2 mL/min; Saturation time (h) = 68.29; Bed height (cm) = 19; Particle size (mm) = 0.1; | 85.38% | [51] |
163.9, 138.88 mg/g (respectively) | |||||
Cd(II) | Alive Bacillus cereus (fixed with activated carbon from coconut husk) | Fixed-bed column (3.1 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 15.2; pH = -; Room temperature; Flow rate (mL/min) = 7; Saturation time (h) = 40 Bed height (cm) = 21.5; Particle size (mm): -; | >80% | [87] |
- |
Metal | Fungi Species | Bioreactor Type | Optimal Conditions | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr(VI) | Aspergillus niger (alginate beads) | Column (4 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 100; pH = 1.5; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 5; Saturation time (h) = 17; Bed height (cm) = 40; Beads size (mm): 3.2 mm ± 0.1 mm; 5% (w/v) biomass/bead. | - | [88] |
- | |||||
Trichoderma viride (sodium alginate beads) | Column (2.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 2.5; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 5; Equilibrium time (h) = 4.6; Saturation time (min) = 667.8; Bed height (cm) = 20; Particle size (mm) = 4; 5% (w/v) fungal biomass/bead; | - | [81] | |
6.88 ± 0.03 mg/g | |||||
Rhizopus arrhizus | Packed-bed column (10 cm height and 2.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 199; pH = 1.3; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 0.8; Residence time (min) = 20; Bed height (cm) = 45; Beads size (mm) = 2.429; | 49.89% | [89] | |
52.11 mg/g | |||||
Cr(III) | Aspergillus niger | Airlift bioreactor (3 L volume) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) =1000–1300; pH = 5.1; Temperature (°C) = 30; Ventilation (v/v) = 4; Contact time (h) = 32; | 96% | [90] |
208.70 mg/g | |||||
Pb(II) | Aspergillus caespitosus (immobilized glutaraldehyde cross-linked calcium alginate beads—AGCCAB beads) | Packed-bed column (35 cm length and 1.5 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 600; pH = 5.5 ± 0.5; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 2.5; | - | [91] |
670 ± 2.5 mg/g | |||||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Double-draft airlift column (27.9 cm height and 7.6 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 120; pH = 5; Temperature (°C) = 22; Biosorbent dose (g/L) = 3; Airflow (L/min) = 3; Mixing rate (rpm) = 200; | 78% | [16] | |
72.5 mg/g | |||||
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus | Fixed-bed column (30 cm height and 2 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 250 mM; pH = -; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 3; Support height (cm) = 6; | 18–22%, 14–20%, respectively | [92] | |
- | |||||
Cd(II) | Phanerochaete chrysosporium (immobilized by growing onto polyurethane foam material) | Packed-bed column (33 cm height and 10 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 11; pH = 5.3; Temperature (°C) = -; Flow rate (mL/min) = 125; 10% Breakthrough time (h) = 1.3; Bed height (cm) = 32.5; | 42.2% | [82] |
- | |||||
Cu(II) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Double-draft airlift column (27.9 cm height and 7.6 cm inner diameter) | Initial metal concentration (mg/L) = 50; pH = 5; Temperature (°C) = 22; Biosorbent dose (g/L) = 3; Airflow (L/min) = 3; Mixing rate (rpm) = 200; | 42% | [16] |
29.9 mg/g |
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Filote, C.; Roșca, M.; Simion, I.M.; Hlihor, R.M. Continuous Systems Bioremediation of Wastewaters Loaded with Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms. Processes 2022, 10, 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091758
Filote C, Roșca M, Simion IM, Hlihor RM. Continuous Systems Bioremediation of Wastewaters Loaded with Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms. Processes. 2022; 10(9):1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091758
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilote, Cătălina, Mihaela Roșca, Isabela Maria Simion, and Raluca Maria Hlihor. 2022. "Continuous Systems Bioremediation of Wastewaters Loaded with Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms" Processes 10, no. 9: 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091758