Thermal Behavior of Estonian Graptolite–Argillite from Different Deposits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Material Characterization
2.2.2. Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal and MS Analysis
3.2. FT-IR, XRD and Morphology Analysis
3.3. Solubility Test in Sulpuric Acid
3.4. Kinetic Calculations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DTA | Differential thermal analysis |
DTG | Differential TG |
EGA | Evolved gas analysis |
FTIR | Fourier transform infrared |
GA | Graptolite–argillite |
MP-AES | Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy |
MS | Mass spectroscopy |
SEM | Scanning electron spectroscopy |
BET SSA | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area |
TG | Thermogravimetry |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
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Compound/Formula | Pakri I | Pakri II | Sillamäe | Toolse |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz, SiO2 | 24.2 | 24.7 | 23.8 | 35.5 |
Orthoclase, KAlSi3O8 | 54.7 | 57.3 | 38.0 | 41.8 |
Muscovite, KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 9.1 |
Jarosite, KFe33+(OH)6(SO4)2 | 4.5 | 1.0 | - | 0.4 |
Chlorite, (Mg,Fe)3(SiAl)4O10(OH)2(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.4 | - |
Pyrite, FeS2 | 8.4 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 9.9 |
Anatase, TiO2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Hematite, Fe2O3 | - | 1.1 | - | 1.1 |
Calcite, CaCO3 | - | - | 19.1 | - |
Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2 | - | - | 6.9 | 1.8 |
Sphalerite, (Zn,Fe)S | - | - | 0.5 | - |
Item | Sample/Content | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pakri I | Pakri II | Sillamäe | Toolse | |
SiO2, % | 45.3 | 45.2 | 41.2 | 54.0 |
Al2O3, % | 11.4 | 11.3 | 9.1 | 9.6 |
K2O, % | 6.8 | 8.4 | 5.5 | 5.9 |
Fe2O3, % | 7.9 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 9.4 |
CaO, % | 0.3 | 0.2 | 11.8 | 1.6 |
MgO, % | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
SO3total, % | 12.7 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 13.2 |
CTC, % | 12.97 | 14.42 | 9.51 | 9.59 |
CTIC, % | 0.40 | 0.24 | 2.23 | 0.32 |
Corg *, % | 12.57 | 14.18 | 7.28 | 9.27 |
V, ppm | 890 | 958 | 868 | 916 |
Mo, ppm | 336 | 137 | 956 | 414 |
U, ppm | 90 | 120 | 254 | 146 |
Cu, ppm | 110 | 97 | 89 | 87 |
Pb, ppm | 135 | 104 | 194 | 158 |
BET SSA, m2 g−1 | 7.81 | 15.64 | 10.54 | 15.02 |
Goss calorific value, MJ kg−1 | 5.27 | 6.13 | 3.25 | 4.37 |
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Kaljuvee, T.; Tõnsuaadu, K.; Einard, M.; Mikli, V.; Kivimäe, E.-K.; Kallaste, T.; Trikkel, A. Thermal Behavior of Estonian Graptolite–Argillite from Different Deposits. Processes 2022, 10, 1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101986
Kaljuvee T, Tõnsuaadu K, Einard M, Mikli V, Kivimäe E-K, Kallaste T, Trikkel A. Thermal Behavior of Estonian Graptolite–Argillite from Different Deposits. Processes. 2022; 10(10):1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101986
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaljuvee, Tiit, Kaia Tõnsuaadu, Marve Einard, Valdek Mikli, Eliise-Koidula Kivimäe, Toivo Kallaste, and Andres Trikkel. 2022. "Thermal Behavior of Estonian Graptolite–Argillite from Different Deposits" Processes 10, no. 10: 1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101986