Evaluation and Comparison of Oral Health Status between Spanish and Immigrant Children Residing in Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Procedure
- Dental caries lesions of deciduous/primary dentition (DD) and permanent dentition (PD) were determined as the presence or absence of caries lesions. The presence of caries was considered from white spots to deep cavities;
- Extraction of primary teeth and permanent teeth;
- Dental trauma in the primary and permanent dentition: only trauma with loss of visible tooth structure on the day of the oral examination was recorded due to lack of access to the patient’s confidential medical records;
- Malocclusions in the vertical plane, open bite, and deep bite were considered; in the transverse plane, we considered the presence of posterior crossbite; and in the sagittal plane, Angle’s classification was used [25];
- Gingivitis: the presence of local inflammation associated with a bacterial plaque in at least three teeth on some surface;
- Primary and permanent tooth fillings (composite, amalgam, and ionomer restorations);
- Stainless steel crowns on primary teeth;
- Pit and fissure sealings on permanent teeth.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The oral health status of immigrant children living in Barcelona, Spain, is worse than that of Spanish children in global terms;
- The number of dental caries lesions in the primary dentition prevailed among immigrant children in most age groups, and the number of dental caries lesions in the permanent dentition prevailed among immigrant children of all ages;
- The prevalence of both restorative and preventive treatments performed was higher in Spanish children than in immigrant children for most age groups except in the case of stainless crowns at 3–5 years old and sealings at 6–8 years old, where the prevalence was higher among immigrants;
- In the range of 3–5 years old, statistically significant differences were observed between both populations, with a higher prevalence among immigrants in the case of caries lesions in the primary dentition, malocclusions, and gingivitis;
- In the 12–14-year range, statistically significant differences were observed between both populations, with a higher prevalence among immigrants in the case of permanent dentition caries lesions and malocclusions;
- Sex, regardless of whether the child is an immigrant or native, does not influence most of the variables evaluated for oral health status;
- Due to the caries rate in both populations continuing to be high, it is necessary to implement early care programs for the infant population and to make parents aware of the importance of oral cavity care and good oral health from birth.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yassin, S.M.; Tikare, S.; AlKahtani, Z.M.; AlFaifi, F.J.; AlFaifi, W.S.; AlFaifi, E.; Omair, A.; Ravi, K.S. Caries preventive practices and dental caries among boys aged 6–15 in Saudi Arabia. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 21, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Agudelo-Suárez, A.A.; Muñoz-Pino, N.; Vivares-Builes, A.M.; Ronda-Pérez, E. Oral Health and Oral Health Service Utilization in Native and Immigrant Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the PELFI Cohort in Spain. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2020, 22, 484–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garcia-Pola, M.; Gonzalez-Diaz, A.; Garcia-Martin, J. Promoting oral health among 6-year old children: The impact of social environment and feeding behavior. Community Dent. Health 2021, 38, 76–82. [Google Scholar]
- Suárez, A.A.; Ronda-Pérez, E. Comparing Oral Health Services Use in the Spanish and Immigrant Working Population. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2018, 20, 809–815. [Google Scholar]
- Alves, A.P.S.; Rank, R.C.I.C.; Vilela, J.E.R.; Rank, M.S.; Ogawa, W.N.; Molina, O.F. Efficacy of a public promotion program on children’s oral health. J. Pediatr. 2018, 94, 518–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez, B.M.; Silla, A.J.; Santos, G.G.; Olivares, G.H.; Oliveira, M.L.; Beneyto, Y.M.; Tàpies, M.M. Encuesta de Salud Oral en España 2020. RCOE: Revista del Ilustre Consejo General de Colegios de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos de España 2020, 25, 14–20. [Google Scholar]
- Llena, C.; Calabuig, E.; Sanz, J.L.; Melo, M. Risk Factors Associated with Carious Lesions in Permanent First Molars in Children: A Seven-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valpreda, L.; Carcieri, P.; Cabras, M.; Vecchiati, G.; Arduino, P.G.; Bassi, F. Frequency and severity of dental caries in foster care children of Turin, Italy: A retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 21, 299–302. [Google Scholar]
- Almerich-Torres, T.; Montiel-Company, J.M.; Bellot-Arcís, C.; Iranzo-Cortés, J.E.; Ortolá-Siscar, J.C.; Almerich-Silla, J.M. Caries Prevalence Evolution and Risk Factors among Schoolchildren and Adolescents from Valencia (Spain): Trends 1998–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kale, S.; Kakodkar, P.; Shetiya, S.; Abdulkader, R. Prevalence of dental caries among children aged 5–15 years from 9 countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A meta-analysis. East. Mediterr. Health J. 2020, 26, 726–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Songur, F.; Simsek Derelioglu, S.; Yilmaz, S.; Koşan, Z. Assessing the Impact of Early Childhood Caries on the Development of First Permanent Molar Decays. Front. Public Health 2019, 7, 186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colombo, S.; Gallus, S.; Beretta, M.; Lugo, A.; Scaglioni, S.; Colombo, P.; Paglia, M.; Gatto, R.; Marzo, G.; Caruso, S.; et al. Prevalence and determinants of early childhood caries in Italy. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2019, 20, 267–273. [Google Scholar]
- Paglia, L.; Friuli, S.; Colombo, S.; Paglia, M. The effect of added sugars on children’s health outcomes: Obesity, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Chronic Diseases. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2019, 20, 127–132. [Google Scholar]
- Barriuso-Lapresa, L.; Sanz-Barbero, B.; Hernando-Arizaleta, L. Prevalencia de hábitos bucodentales saludables en la población infanto-juvenil residente en España [Prevalence of healthy oral habits in the child population resident in Spain]. Anales de Pediatría 2012, 76, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bissar, A.R.; Schulte, A.G.; Muhjazi, G.; Koch, M.J. Caries prevalence in 11- to 14-year old migrant children in Germany. Int. J. Public Health 2007, 52, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dahlan, R.; Bohlouli, B.; Salami, B.; Saltaji, H.; Amin, M. Parental acculturation and oral health of children among immigrants. J. Public Health Dent. 2021. published online ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klein, J.; von dem Knesebeck, O. Inequalities in health care utilization among migrants and non-migrants in Germany: A systematic review. Int. J. Equity Health 2018, 17, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gibbs, L.; de Silva, A.M.; Christian, B.; Gold, L.; Gussy, M.; Moore, L.; Calache, H.; Young, D.; Riggs, E.; Tadic, M.; et al. Child oral health in migrant families: A cross-sectional study of caries in 1–4 year old children from migrant backgrounds residing in Melbourne, Australia. Community. Dent. Health 2016, 33, 100–106. [Google Scholar]
- Gallardo, V.P.; Cencillo, C.P.; Plana, B.M. Prevalencia de la caries dental en el niño inmigrante: Estudio comparativo con el niño autóctono [Prevalence of dental caries: Comparison between immigrant and autochthonous children]. Anales de Pediatría 2006, 65, 337–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Obregón-Rodríguez, N.; Fernández-Riveiro, P.; Piñeiro-Lamas, M.; Smyth-Chamosa, E.; Montes-Martínez, A.; Suárez-Cunqueiro, M.M. Prevalence and caries-related risk factors in schoolchildren of 12- and 15-year-old: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2019, 19, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montero, J.; Rosel, E.; Barrios, R.; López-Valverde, A.; Albaladejo, A.; Bravo, M. Oral health-related quality of life in 6- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Spain. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2016, 26, 220–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riatto, S.G.; Montero, J.; Pérez, D.R.; Castaño-Séiquer, A.; Dib, A. Oral Health Status of Syrian Children in the Refugee Center of Melilla, Spain. Int. J. Dent. 2018, 18, 2637508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Almerich-Silla, J.M.; Montiel-Company, J.M. Influence of immigration and other factors on caries in 12- and 15-year-old children. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2007, 115, 378–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de la Cruz, S.P.; Cebrino, J. Oral Health Problems and Utilization of Dental Services Among Spanish and Immigrant Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angle, E. Classifcation of Malocclusion. Dent. Cosmos. 1899, 74, 248–264, 350–357. [Google Scholar]
- Prathima, G.S.; Kavitha, M.; Kayalvizhi, G.; Sanguida, A.; Suganya, M.; Arumugam, S. Awareness, attitude, and practice of pediatricians regarding early childhood caries and infant oral healthcare of children in Puducherry—A cross-sectional survey. Indian. J. Dent. Res. 2020, 31, 439–443. [Google Scholar]
- Bulut, G.; Bulut, H. Zero to five years: First dental visit. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 21, 326–330. [Google Scholar]
- Alshahrani, N.F.; Alshahrani, A.N.A.; Alahmari, M.A.; Almanie, A.M.; Alosbi, A.M.; Togoo, R.A. First dental visit: Age, reason, and experiences of Saudi children. Eur. J. Dent. 2018, 12, 579–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murshid, E.Z. Children’s ages and reasons for receiving their first dental visit in a Saudi community. Saudi. Dent. J. 2016, 28, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ElKarmi, R.; Shore, E.; O’Connell, A. Knowledge and behaviour of parents in relation to the oral and dental health of children aged 4–6 years. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2015, 16, 199–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chhabra, N.; Chhabra, A. Parental knowledge, attitudes and cultural beliefs regarding oral health and dental care of preschool children in an Indian population: A quantitative study. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2012, 13, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bravo Pérez, M.; Llodra Calvo, J.C.; Martinicorena, F.C.; Peidró, E.C. Encuesta de Salud Oral de Preescolares en España 2007. RCOE: Revista del Ilustre Consejo General de Colegios de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos de España 2007, 12, 143–168. [Google Scholar]
- Lauritano, D.; Moreo, G.; Carinci, F.; Campanella, V.; Della Vella, F.; Petruzzi, M. Oral Health Status among Migrants from Middle- and Low-Income Countries to Europe: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Høyvik, A.C.; Lie, B.; Grjibovski, A.M.; Willumsen, T. Oral Health Challenges in Refugees from the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2019, 21, 443–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Deus, V.F.; Gomes, E.; da Silva, F.C.; Giugliani, E.R.J. Influence of pacifier use on the association between duration of breastfeeding and anterior open bite in primary dentition. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020, 20, 396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Xia, B.; Ge, L. Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and non-nutritive sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition. BMC Pediatr. 2015, 21, 15–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Sociodemographic Characteristics | n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | Spaniards | 3–5 years | 61 (8.8%) |
6–8 years | 355 (51.2%) | ||
9–11 years | 197 (28.4%) | ||
12–14 years | 81 (11.7%) | ||
Inmigrants | 3–5 years | 112 (15.9%) | |
6–8 years | 378 (53.5%) | ||
9–11 years | 172 (24.4%) | ||
12–14 years | 44 (6.2%) | ||
Sex | 3–5 years | Boy | 89 (12.1%) |
Girl | 84 (12.6%) | ||
6–8 years | Boy | 381 (52%) | |
Girl | 352 (52.8%) | ||
9–11 years | Boy | 200 (27.3%) | |
Girl | 169 (25.3%) | ||
12–14 years | Boy | 63 (8.6%) | |
Girl | 62 (9.3%) | ||
Origin of immigrants | Asia | 246 (34.8%) | |
South America | 225 (31.9%) | ||
Africa | 109 (15.4%) | ||
Central America | 49 (6.9%) | ||
Oceania | 3 (0.4%) | ||
North America | 2 (0.3%) | ||
Europe | 72 (10.2%) |
Origin | Age Range | Global | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3–5 Spaniards n = 61 | 3–5 Immigrants n = 112 | p Value | 6–8 Spaniards n = 355 | 6–8 Immigrants n = 378 | p Value | 9–11 Spaniards n = 197 | 9 -11 Immigrants n = 172 | p Value | 12–14 Spaniards n = 81 | 12–14 Immigrants n = 44 | p Value | 3–14 Spaniards n = 694 | 3–14 Immigrants n = 706 | p Value | |
Prevalence of dental caries in DD | 26 (43.3%) | 72 (64.3%) | 0.008 * | 166 (46.8%) | 269 (71.2%) | <0.001 * | 95 (48.2%) | 95 (55.2%) | 0.179 | 7 (9.1%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.180 | 294 (42.4%) | 437 (61.9%) | <0.001 * |
Prevalence of extractions in DD | 9 (15%) | 22 (20%) | 0.420 | 71 (20%) | 126 (33.3%) | <0.001 * | 43 (21.8%) | 61 (35.5%) | 0.004 * | 5 (6.5%) | 2 (5%) | 0.747 | 128 (18.4%) | 211 (29.9%) | <0.001 * |
Prevalence of trauma in DD | 10 (16.7%) | 19 (17.3%) | 0.920 | 5 (1.4%) | 6 (1.6%) | 0.842 | 3 (1.5%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.384 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 18 (2.6%) | 26 (3.7%) | 0.243 |
Prevalence of dental caries in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 26 (7.3%) | 41 (10.8%) | 0.098 | 32 (16.2%) | 49 (28.5%) | 0.005 * | 27 (33.8%) | 26 (59.1%) | 0.009 * | 85 (12.2%) | 116 (16.4%) | 0.026 * |
Prevalence of trauma in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.347 | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (2.9%) | 0.362 | 3 (3.7%) | 4 (9.1%) | 0.211 | 7 (1.0%) | 12 (1.7%) | 0.264 |
Prevalence of malocclusions | 8 (13.1%) | 33 (29.5%) | 0.016 * | 100 (28.2%) | 187 (49.5%) | <0.001 * | 64 (32.5%) | 101 (58.7%) | <0.001 * | 21 (25.9%) | 30 (68.2%) | <0.001 * | 193 (27.8%) | 351 (49.7%) | <0.001 * |
Prevalence of gingivitis | 1 (1.6%) | 13 (11.5%) | 0.022 * | 13 (3.7%) | 73 (19.3%) | <0.001 * | 22 (11.2%) | 48 (27.9%) | <0.001 * | 14 (17.3%) | 14 (31.8%) | 0.063 | 50 (7.2%) | 148 (21.0%) | <0.001 * |
Prevalence of fillings in DD | 2 (3.3%) | 3 (2.7%) | 0.822 | 58 (16.3%) | 62 (16.4%) | 0.981 | 35 (17.8%) | 23 (13.4%) | 0.247 | 6 (7.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.070 | 101 (14.6%) | 88 (12.5%) | 0.253 |
Prevalence of stainless steel crowns in DD | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.459 | 7 (2%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.169 | 7 (3.6%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.138 | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.469 | 15 (2.2%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0.044 * |
Prevalence of fillings in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 5 (1.4%) | 4 (1.1%) | 0.667 | 23 (11.7%) | 13 (7.6%) | 0.184 | 19 (23.5%) | 8 (18.2%) | 0.494 | 47 (6.8%) | 25 (3.5%) | 0.006 * |
Prevalence of sealings in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 4 (1.1%) | 7 (1.9%) | 0.420 | 9 (4.6%) | 4 (2.3%) | 0.244 | 3 (3.9%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.693 | 16 (2.3%) | 12 (1.7%) | 0.418 |
Prevalence of extractions in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 5 (1.4%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.423 | 9 (4.6%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.055 | 4 (4.9%) | 11 (25.0%) | <0.001 * | 18 (2.6%) | 16 (2.3%) | 0.691 |
Origin of Inmigrants | Prevalence of Dental Caries Lesions in DD n (%) | Prevalence of Dental Caries Lesions in PD n (%) |
---|---|---|
Asia | 177 (40.5%) | 46 (39.7%) |
South America | 119 (27.2%) | 35 (30.2%) |
Africa | 82 (18.8%) | 21 (18.1%) |
Central America | 22 (5.0%) | 3 (2.6%) |
Oceania | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) |
North America | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Europe | 37 (8.5%) | 11 (9.5%) |
Age Range | Global | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3–5 (n = 173) | 6–8 (n = 733) | 9–11 (n = 369) | 12–14 (n = 125) | 3–14 (n = 1400) | |||||||||||
Boy n = 89 | Girl n = 84 | p Value | Boy n = 381 | Girl n = 352 | p Value | Boy n = 200 | Girl n = 169 | p Value | Boy n = 63 | Girl n = 62 | p Value | Boy n = 733 | Girl n = 667 | p Value | |
Prevalence of dental caries in DD | 52 (59.8%) | 45 (54.2%) | 0.465 | 240 (63%) | 195 (55.4%) | 0.036 | 92 (46.0%) | 98 (58.0%) | 0.022 | 4 (6.6%) | 4 (7.1%) | 0.900 | 388 (53.1%) | 342 (51.3%) | 0.502 |
Prevalence of extractions in DD | 18 (20.7%) | 13 (15.7%) | 0.396 | 107 (21.8%) | 90 (25.6%) | 0.443 | 53 (26.5%) | 51 (30.2%) | 0.434 | 2 (3.3%) | 5 (8.9%) | 0.198 | 180 (24.6%) | 159 (23.8%) | 0.754 |
Prevalence of trauma in DD | 17 (19.5%) | 12 (14.5%) | 0.379 | 9 (2.4%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0.046 * | 4 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.065 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 30 (4.1%) | 14 (2.1%) | 0.033 * |
Prevalence of dental caries in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 30 (7.9%) | 37 (10.5%) | 0.216 | 37 (18.5%) | 44 (26.0%) | 0.081 | 25 (39.7%) | 28 (45.2%) | 0.535 | 92 (12.6%) | 109 (16.3%) | 0.043 * |
Prevalence of trauma in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 3 (0.8%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.355 | 6 (3.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.233 | 5 (7.9%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.252 | 14 (1.9%) | 5 (0.7%) | 0.061 |
Prevalence of malocclusions | 17 (19.1%) | 24 (28.6%) | 0.106 | 149 (39.1%) | 138 (39.2%) | 0.979 | 93 (46.5%) | 72 (42.6%) | 0.453 | 21 (33.3%) | 30 (48.4%) | 0.087 | 280 (38.2%) | 264 (39.6%) | 0.596 |
Prevalence of gingivitis | 9 (10.1%) | 5 (6.0%) | 0.316 | 51 (13.4%) | 35 (9.9%) | 0.148 | 41 (20.5%) | 29 (17.2%) | 0.415 | 14 (22.2%) | 14 (22.6%) | 0.962 | 115 (15.7%) | 83 (12.4%) | 0.082 |
Prevalence of fillings in DD | 3 (3.4%) | 2 (2.4%) | 0.689 | 59 (15.5%) | 61 (17.3%) | 0.500 | 37 (18.5%) | 21 (12.4%) | 0.110 | 6 (9.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.016 * | 105 (14.3%) | 84 (12.6%) | 0.344 |
Prevalence of stainless steel crowns | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.330 | 4 (1.0%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.445 | 6 (3.0%) | 3 (1.8%) | 0.447 | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.336 | 12 (1.6%) | 9 (1.3%) | 0.658 |
Prevalence of fillings in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 8 (2.1%) | 21 (6.0%) | 0.007 * | 20 (10.0%) | 18 (10.7%) | 0.838 | 19 (30.2%) | 11 (17.7%) | 0.104 | 47 (6.4%) | 50 (7.5%) | 0.425 |
Prevalence of seals in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 5 (1.3%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.663 | 8 (4.0%) | 5 (3.0%) | 0.589 | 3 (4.9%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0.352 | 16 (2.2%) | 12 (1.8%) | 0.609 |
Prevalence of extractions in PD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 | 3 (0.8%) | 5 (1.4%) | 0.410 | 11 (5.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 * | 7 (11.1%) | 8 (12.9%) | 0.758 | 21 (2.9%) | 13 (1.9%) | 0.266 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Veloso Duran, A.; Framis-de-Mena, B.; Vázquez Salceda, M.C.; Guinot Jimeno, F. Evaluation and Comparison of Oral Health Status between Spanish and Immigrant Children Residing in Barcelona, Spain. Children 2022, 9, 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091354
Veloso Duran A, Framis-de-Mena B, Vázquez Salceda MC, Guinot Jimeno F. Evaluation and Comparison of Oral Health Status between Spanish and Immigrant Children Residing in Barcelona, Spain. Children. 2022; 9(9):1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091354
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeloso Duran, Ana, Blanca Framis-de-Mena, Maria Carmen Vázquez Salceda, and Francisco Guinot Jimeno. 2022. "Evaluation and Comparison of Oral Health Status between Spanish and Immigrant Children Residing in Barcelona, Spain" Children 9, no. 9: 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091354