Alcohol Use among High School Learners in the Peri-Urban Areas, South Africa: A Descriptive Study on Accessibility, Motivations and Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Design and Frameworks
2.2. Study Setting and Population
2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
2.4. Data Collection and Tool
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
Demographic Characteristics of School Learners
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All | Boys | Girls | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age (years) | ||||
10–14 | 100 (25) | 33 (18) | 67 (31) | 0.003 * |
≥15 | 303 (75) | 152 (82) | 151 (69) | |
School grade | ||||
8 | 92 (23) | 31 (17) | 61 (28) | 0.048 * |
9 | 90 (22) | 41 (22) | 49 (22) | |
10 | 57 (14) | 32 (17) | 25 (11) | |
11 | 91 (23) | 42 (23) | 49 (23) | |
12 | 73 (18) | 39 (21) | 34 (16) | |
Repeated grade | ||||
No | 272 (67) | 104 (56) | 168 (77) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 131 (33) | 81 (44) | 50 (23) | |
Missing class in a quarter | ||||
No | 330 (82) | 149 (81) | 181 (83) | 0.518 |
Yes | 73 (18) | 36 (19) | 37 (17) | |
Reasons for missed class (n = 73) | ||||
Hangover | 15 (21) | 6 (24) | 9 (19) | 0.673 ” |
Illnesses | 51 (70) | 16 (64) | 35 (73) | |
Other | 7 (9) | 3 (12) | 4 (8) | |
In a relationship | ||||
No | 135 (33) | 58 (31) | 77 (35) | 0.400 |
Yes | 268 (67) | 127 (69) | 141 (65) | |
Partner older (n = 268) | ||||
No | 146 (54) | 66 (54) | 80 (55) | 0.804 |
Yes | 122 (46) | 57 (46) | 65 (45) | |
Partner ages (years, n = 122) | ||||
15–19 | 71 (58) | 31 (54) | 40 (62) | 0.424 |
20–29 | 51 (42) | 26 (46) | 25 (38) | |
Transport mode to school | ||||
Walk distance | 249 (61) | 128 (69) | 121 (56) | 0.006 *” |
Bus | 71 (18) | 25 (14) | 46 (21) | |
Taxi | 77 (19) | 32 (17) | 45 (20) | |
Parents’ car | 6 (2) | 0 | 6 (3) | |
Receiving pocket money/week | ||||
No | 68 (17) | 39 (21) | 29 (13) | 0.038 * |
Yes | 335 (83) | 146 (79) | 189 (87) | |
Spare time job | ||||
No | 365 (91) | 162 (88) | 203 (93) | 0.057 |
Yes | 38 (9) | 23 (12) | 15 (7) | |
Dwelling place | ||||
Brick house | 284 (70) | 136 (73) | 148 (68) | 0.454 |
RDP house | 72 (18) | 29 (16) | 43 (20) | |
Shack | 47 (12) | 20 (11) | 27 (12) | |
Refrigerator use | ||||
No | 17 (4) | 10 (5) | 7 (3) ‡ | 0.279 |
Yes | 385 (96) | 175 (95) | 210 (97) | |
Religion | ||||
Non-Christian | 305 (76) | 53 (29) | 45 (21) | 0.062 |
Christian | 68 (24) | 132 (71) | 173 (79) | |
Current alcohol use | ||||
No | 210 (52) | 101 (55) | 109 (50) | 0.358 |
Yes | 193 (48) | 84 (45) | 109 (50) | |
Types of alcohol (n = 193) | ||||
Beer/cider | 106 (55) | 56 (55) | 50 (55) | 0.363 ” |
Wine | 53 (27) | 25 (25) | 28 (31) | |
Spirits | 19 (10) | 10 (10) | 9 (10) | |
Traditional beer | 15 (8) | 11 (10) | 4 (4) | |
Smoking | ||||
No | 160 (82) | 86 (92) | 74 (80) | 0.478 |
Yes | 34 (18) | 16 (8) | 18 (20) | |
Tobacco types (n = 34) | ||||
Cigarette | 13 (38) | 6 (38) | 7 (39) | 0.934 |
Cannabis | 21 (62) | 10 (62) | 11 (61) |
Alcohol Access and Use | All | Boys | Girls | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Is it wrong for learners to drink alcohol? | ||||
No | 60 (15) | 28 (15) | 32 (15) | 0.855 |
Not sure | 61 (15) | 26 (14) | 35 (16) | |
Yes | 282 (70) | 131 (71) | 151 (69) | |
Liquor store near the schools | ||||
No | 185 (46) | 94 (51) | 91 (42) | 0.069 |
Yes | 218 (54) | 91 (49) | 127 (58) | |
Identity document required | ||||
No | 135 (70) | 73 (72) | 62 (68) | 0.600 |
Yes | 17 (9) | 7 (7) | 10 (11) | |
Sometimes | 41 (21) | 22 (21) | 19 (21) | |
Places that learners drink alcohol at (n = 193) | ||||
Party | 78 (41) | 34 (33) | 44 (48) | 0.008 *” |
Friend’s place | 43 (22) | 26 (25) | 17 (19) | |
Clubs | 38 (20) | 25 (25) | 13 (14) | |
Bottle store | 18 (9) | 5 (5) | 13 (14) | |
Traditional rituals | 16 (8) | 12 (12) | 4 (8) | |
Last place drank alcohol (n = 193) | ||||
Community site | 76 (40) | 44 (43) | 32 (36) | 0.501 ” |
Home site | 49 (25) | 26 (25) | 23 (25) | |
Social/traditional gatherings | 49 (25) | 25 (25) | 24 (26) | |
I do not remember the site | 18 (9) | 7 (7) | 11 (12) | |
School site | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | |
Who introduced you to alcohol (n = 193) | ||||
Self | 94 (48) | 49 (48) | 45 (50) | 0.420 ” |
Friend | 69 (36) | 34 (33) | 35 (38) | |
Family | 27 (14) | 18 (18) | 9 (10) | |
Neighbour | 3 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
Do you have friends who drink alcohol? | ||||
No | 119 (30) | 58 (31) | 61 (28) | 0.460 |
Yes | 284 (70) | 128 (69) | 157 (72) | |
Do you have family member who drink alcohol? | ||||
No | 86 (21) | 45 (24) | 41 (19) | 0.178 |
Yes | 317 (79) | 140 (76) | 177 (81) | |
Family member drinking alcohol | ||||
Father | 60 (19) | 30 (21) | 30 (17) | 0.250 |
Mother | 15 (5) | 9 (6) | 6 (4) | |
Both parents | 29 (9) | 16 (12) | 13 (7) | |
Siblings | 81 (26) | 33 (24) | 48 (27) | |
Extended Family | 132 (42) | 52 (37) | 80 (45) |
Proportions of Alcohol Use and Reasons | All N = 403 n (%) | Boys N = 185 n (%) | Girls N = 218 n (%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non alcohol users | 0.358 | |||
No | 210 (52) | 101(55) | 109 (50) | 0.358 |
Yes | 193 (48) | 84 (45) | 109 (50) | |
Total | 403 (100) | 185 (100) | 218 (100) | |
Alcohol use reasons (n = 193) | 0.278 ” | |||
Self-pleasure | 70 (36) | 35 (34) | 35 (38) | 0.369 |
It helps me to cope with stress | 46 (24) | 25 (24) | 21 (23) | 0.363 |
It increases my self esteem | 38 (19) | 20 (20) | 18 (20) | 0.450 |
It is good for my health | 19 (10) | 12 (12) | 7 (8) | 0.643 |
I drink alcohol for fun | 15 (8) | 8 (8) | 7 (8) | 0.602 |
It helps me to function | 5 (3) | 2 (2) | 3 (3) | 1.000 ” |
Total | 193 (100) | 102 (100) | 91 (100) |
Effects of Drinking Alcohol | All N = 403 n (%) | Boys N = 185 n (%) | Girls N = 218 n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge of the effects of alcohol? | 0.378 | |||
No | 69 (17) | 35 (19) | 34 (16) | |
Yes | 334 (83) | 150 (81) | 184 (84) | |
Effects of alcohol use | 0.143 | |||
Negatively impact health | 186 (56) | 77 (52) | 109 (60) | |
Brain functioning | 84 (25) | 36 (24) | 48 (26) | |
School work | 40 (12) | 23 (15) | 17 (9) | |
Has no effect | 22 (7) | 13 (9) | 9 (5) | |
Feeling after drinking alcohol | 0.079 | |||
Sad | 59 (45) | 19 (35) | 40 (52) | |
Embarrassed | 53 (40) | 28 (52) | 25 (32) | |
Just fine | 19 (15) | 7 (13) | 12 (16) | |
Alcohol related harm in the past 12 months (n = 193) | 0.319 | |||
Problem with friends | 48 (25) | 27 (26) | 21 (23) | 0.586 |
Physical fight | 37 (19) | 16 (15) | 21 (23) | 0.193 |
Problem with parents | 33 (17) | 13 (13) | 20 (22) | 0.089 |
Engaging in unprotected sex | 21 (11) | 12 (13) | 9 (11) | 0.651 |
Injury/accident | 20 (11) | 14 (13) | 6 (7) | 0.189 |
Trouble with police officers | 20 (10) | 12 (12) | 8 (8) | 0.499 |
Engaged in other substances | 14 (7) | 8 (8) | 6 (6) | 0.738 |
Total | 193 (100) | 102 (100) | 91 (100) |
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Mathibe, M.; Cele, L.; Modjadji, P. Alcohol Use among High School Learners in the Peri-Urban Areas, South Africa: A Descriptive Study on Accessibility, Motivations and Effects. Children 2022, 9, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091342
Mathibe M, Cele L, Modjadji P. Alcohol Use among High School Learners in the Peri-Urban Areas, South Africa: A Descriptive Study on Accessibility, Motivations and Effects. Children. 2022; 9(9):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091342
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathibe, Mmampedi, Lindiwe Cele, and Perpetua Modjadji. 2022. "Alcohol Use among High School Learners in the Peri-Urban Areas, South Africa: A Descriptive Study on Accessibility, Motivations and Effects" Children 9, no. 9: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091342