Serum Allergen-Specific IgE among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Allergen-Specific IgE
3.2. Total IgE Level
3.3. Blood Eosinophilia
3.4. Clinical Manifestations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A | asthma |
Ab | antibody(ies) |
AC | allergic conjunctivitis |
AD | atopic dermatitis |
AR | allergic rhinitis |
A-T | ataxia–telangiectasia |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
CVID | common variable immunodeficiency |
FA | food allergy |
HSCT | hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |
ICD-10 | International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems |
IEI | inborn errors of immunity |
IFN-γ | interferon-gamma |
IgE/G/A/M | immunoglobulin(s) class E/G/A/M |
IPEX syndrome | immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked syndrome |
IRT | immunoglobulin replacement therapy |
IUIS | International Union of Immunodeficiency Societies |
n | number |
NBS | Nijmegen breakage syndrome |
NHANES | The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
PAD | predominantly antibody deficiencies |
PID | primary immunodeficiency |
PRKDC | Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated, Catalytic Subunit |
sIgE | allergen-specific immunoglobulin class E |
sIgAD | selective IgA deficiency |
SCID | severe combined immunodeficiency |
SPT | skin prick test |
U | urticaria |
USIDNET | US Immunodeficiency Network |
WAS | Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome |
X-linked | gene is located in the X chromosome |
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Patient No | Age | Gender | PID Type | Previous Diagnosis of Allergic Disease | Reported Allergy Symptoms | sIgE [kU/L] | Total IgE [IU/mL] | Correlation between sIgE and Allergy Symptoms | Eosinophil Count [103/uL] | Antihistamines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | M | IgM, IgG subclass deficiency | A, AR, FA | Nasal obstruction Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Trouble breathing with mouth closed Recurrent bronchitis | 6 Grass mix = 2.9 D. pteronyssinus > 100 D. farinae > 100 Cat = 33.0 Dog = 0.89 A. alternata = 12 | 587 [0.5–393] | Yes | 1.77 | Yes |
2 | 14 | M | IgM deficiency | AR, FA | Rhinorrhea Diarrhea | D. pteronyssinus = 13.0 D. farinae = 65.0 Cat = 0.81 BSA = 0.5 | 207 [1.9–170] | Possible | 0.12 | No |
3 | 13 | M | IgA deficiency | AD | Nose/eyes itching Eczema Pruritus | Horse = 0.53 Cow’s milk = 2.0 BSA = 38.0 | 34,2 [1.9–170] | Possible | 0.17 | No |
4 | 7 | M | IgM and IgG subclass deficiency | No | Sneezing | D. pteronyssinus > 100 D. farinae > 100 Cat = 1.2 Dog = 2.2 Horse = 0.45 | 328 [0.5–393] | Yes | 3.75 | No |
5 | 6 | F | IgG subclass deficiency | A, AD, FA | Eczema Pruritus Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Trouble breathing with mouth closed | 6 Grass mix > 100 Birch pollen > 100 Mugwort pollen = 0.86 D. pteronyssinus = 4.5 D. farinae = 48 Cat = 0.27 Dog = 74 C. herbarum = 1.9 A. alternata = 5.0 Egg white = 0.94 Cow’s milk = 0.94 Casein = 0.36 Flour Mix 0.46 Rice = 0.86 Peanut = 54.0 Hazelnut = 0.91 Carrot = 0.77 Potato = 1.8 Apple = 0.99 | 823.5 [0.5–393] | Yes | 0.32 | Yes |
6 | 12 | F | IgG subclass deficiency | AR | Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Watery eyes Need to rub eyes/nose Nasal obstruction | 6 Grass mix > 100 Birch pollen = 3.5 Mugwort pollen = 0.81 D. pteronyssinus = 1.3 D. farinae = 11 Cat = 4.1 Dog = 0.6 A. alternata = 1.2 Flour Mix = 0.43 Rice = 0.48 Carrot = 0.50 | 466 [1.9–170] | Yes | 0.17 | Yes |
7 | 6 | M | IgA deficiency | A, AR | Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Watery eyes Need to rub eyes/nose Nasal obstruction Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Abdominal cramping Recurrent bronchitis | D. pteronyssinus > 100 D. farinae > 100 BSA = 4.8 Cow’s milk = 0.44 | 699 [0.5–393] | Yes | 0.35 | Yes |
8 | 4 | F | IgG subclass deficiency | A | Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Watery eyes Need to rub eyes/nose Recurrent bronchitis | Birch pollen = 1.3 Cat = 15 | 38.4 [0.4–351] | Yes | 0.72 | Yes |
9 | 6 | F | IgA and IgG subclass deficiency | AD, AR, FA | Sneezing Nose/eyes itching Watery eyes Need to rub eyes/nose Rhinorrhea Nasal obstruction Eczema | 6 Grass mix = 60 Birch pollen = 1.7 | 134 [<90] | Yes | 0.12 | Yes |
10 | 10 | F | IgG subclass deficiency | AR | Rhinorrhea | 6 Grass mix > 100 Birch pollen = 0.63 Mugwort pollen = 0.64 | 227 [<200] | Yes | 0.22 | No |
11 | 16 | M | IgM deficiency | AD, AR | Eczema Rhinorrhea | 6 Grass mix > 100 Birch pollen = 0.50 Mugwort pollen = 0.51 Cow’s milk = 0.54 BSA = 4.9 | 1157 [1.5–100] | Possible | 0.17 | Yes |
12 | 9 | M | PRKDC mutation, IgG subclass deficiency | AD, AR, FA | Eczema Nasal congestion Cough Sneezing Nose/eyes itching | 6 Grass mix = 4.1 Birch pollen = 0.36 Mugwort pollen = 0.88 Cat = 0.96 Dog = 0.63 | 131 [0.5–393] | Yes | 0.23 | Yes |
13 | 3 | F | Complement deficiency | AD | Eczema Pruritus Excoriatio Rhinorrhea Cough | Dog = 0.37 Horse = 0.36 BSA = 9.9 Cow’s milk = 0.73 | 10.5 [<60] | Possible | 0.2 | No |
14 | 2 | M | Phagocyte number/function deficiency | U | Urticaria | Cow’s milk = 0.77 BSA = 7.0 | 17.3 [<60] | Possible | 0.22 | No |
15 | 7 | F | Congenital asplenia | AR | Rhinorrhea Nose/eyes itching | 6 Grass mix = 4.0 Horse = 0.72 A. alternata = 9.4 | 47.3 [0.5–393] | Yes | 0.27 | Yes |
16 | 10 | F | Lymphocyte T deficiency | U | Urticaria Flushing | 6 Grass mix = 2.7 Birch pollen = 0.36 Mugwort pollen = 0.58 D. pteronyssinus = 0.81 D. farinae = 0.94 Cow’s milk = 0.52 BSA = 4.4 Flour Mix = 0.37 Rice = 0.44 Carrot = 0.39 Potato = 0.93 Apple = 1.00 | 908 [1.9–170] | Possible | 0.19 | Yes |
Type of PID (n = 72) | Clinical Symptoms of Allergy (n = 44) | sIgE ≥ 0.35 kUa/L (n = 36) | Elevated Total IgE (n = 13) | Sensitization to Food Allergens (sIgE ≥ 0.35 kUa/L) + Clinical Symptoms (n = 23) | Skin Eczema (n = 21) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Parameter | |||||
SCID (n = 2) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (50.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) |
Ataxia-telangiectasia (n = 4) | n = 3 (75.00%) | n = 3 (75.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 2 (50.00%) | n = 1 (25.00%) |
Nijmegen syndrome (n = 3) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 1 (33.33%) |
DiGeorge syndrome (n = 2) | n = 1 (50.00%) | n = 1 (50.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (50.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) |
Kabuki syndrome (n = 1) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) |
PRKDC mutation (n = 1) | n = 1 (100.00%) | n = 1 (100.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (100.00%) |
Predominantly Ab deficiency (n = 51): | n = 31 (60.78%) | n = 24 (47.06%) | n = 12 (23.53%) | n = 15 (29.41%) | n = 16 (31.37%) |
CVID (n = 3) | n = 2 (66.67%) | n = 2 (66.67%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 2 (66.67%) | n = 1 (33.33%) |
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (n = 1) | n = 1 (100.00%) | n = 1 (100.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (100.00%) | n = 1 (100.00%) |
other hypo-gammaglobulinemia’s (n = 20) | n = 12 (60.00%) | n = 10 (50.00%) | n = 4 (20.00%) | n = 4 (20.00%) | n = 6 (30.00%) |
IgG subclass deficiency (n = 20) | n = 12 (60.00%) | n = 7 (35.00%) | n = 6 (30.00%) | n = 5 (25.00%) | n = 7 (35.00%) |
selective IgA deficiency (n = 7) | n = 4 (57.14%) | n = 4 (57.14%) | n = 2 (28.57%) | n = 3 (42.86%) | n = 1 (14.29%) |
Congenital defects of phagocyte number, function or both (n = 3) | n = 2 (66.67%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 0 (0.00%) |
Complement deficiency (n = 2) | n = 2 (100.00%) | n = 2 (100.00%) | n = 0 (0.00%) | n = 2 (100.00%) | n = 1 (50.00%) |
Others (n = 3) | n = 3 (100.00%) | n = 2 (66.67%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 1 (33.33%) | n = 1 (33.33%) |
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Pieniawska-Śmiech, K.; Lewandowicz-Uszyńska, A.; Zemelka-Wiacek, M.; Jutel, M. Serum Allergen-Specific IgE among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. Children 2022, 9, 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040466
Pieniawska-Śmiech K, Lewandowicz-Uszyńska A, Zemelka-Wiacek M, Jutel M. Serum Allergen-Specific IgE among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. Children. 2022; 9(4):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040466
Chicago/Turabian StylePieniawska-Śmiech, Karolina, Aleksandra Lewandowicz-Uszyńska, Magdalena Zemelka-Wiacek, and Marek Jutel. 2022. "Serum Allergen-Specific IgE among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency" Children 9, no. 4: 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040466
APA StylePieniawska-Śmiech, K., Lewandowicz-Uszyńska, A., Zemelka-Wiacek, M., & Jutel, M. (2022). Serum Allergen-Specific IgE among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. Children, 9(4), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040466