Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
- -
- Sociodemographic variables were taken through an ad hoc questionnaire.
- -
- Resilience: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) [22] was used to assess resilience or the ability to cope with adversity. In the present study, we used the reduced 10-item version [23] adapted to Spanish [24]. The scale is answered from 0 to 4 (from least to most agree). Previous research shows adequate internal consistency, temporal consistency, and validity [3,23]. In our sample, internal consistency was adequate (α = 0.87).
- -
- Life satisfaction was assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) [25] in its version adapted to Spanish [26]. This instrument comprises five items that are answered from 1 to 7, with higher values indicating greater satisfaction with life or subjective well-being. The scale has adequate internal and temporal consistency [27]. In the study sample, the SWLS showed good internal consistency (α = 0.87).
- -
- Stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale in its reduced version adapted to Spanish (DASS-21) [28,29]. This instrument has 211 items, which results in 3 subscales (stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms), and the scale is answered from 0 to 3 (It does not describe anything that happened to me or that I felt during the week to Yes, this happened to me frequently, or almost always). The scale assesses symptomatology in the last week quickly and briefly. The instrument has previously shown adequate psychometric properties [29,30,31] and adequate fit in Spanish-speaking samples [28,30,31]. The scale showed adequate internal consistency (stress α = 0.85; anxiety α=.83; depression α = 0.89).
- -
- Worries about COVID-19 and its consequences were assessed using the Scale of Worries about COVID-19 and its repercussions (W-COV) (Mónaco et al., in review). The W-COV scale comprises 16 items that give rise to 3 sub-scales: health worries, economic worries, and psychosocial worries. The items are answered from 1 (Rarely) to 5 (Very frequently). In our study, the 3 factors showed acceptable reliability indices: health worries (α = 0.71), economic worries (α = 0.81), and psychosocial worries (α = 0.77).
- -
- The infrequency of responses was assessed using the Oviedo Infrequency Scale (INF-OV) [21]. The INF-OV consists of 12 items which are answered from 1 to 5 (from “Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree”). INF-OV assesses random, pseudorandom, or dishonest responses. Four of the scale items were selected, and participants who scored more than 25% were eliminated from the study.
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of SWLS, DASS, CD-RISC, and Worries about COVID-19
3.2. Structural Equation Model (SEM)
3.3. Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)
3.4. Analysis of Necessity
3.5. Analysis of Necessity Sufficiency
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CD-RISC | SWLS | DASS-21 | Worries | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | Life Satisfaction | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Health Worries | Economy Worries | Psychosocial Worries | |
M | 21.55 | 23.16 | 15.31 | 12.45 | 16.57 | 3.10 | 3.02 | 3.16 |
SD | 8.31 | 6.97 | 11.85 | 19.25 | 10.54 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
Min | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Max | 40 | 35 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
CD-RISC | SWLS | DASS-21 | Worries | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | Life Satisfaction | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Health Worries | Economy Worries | Psychosocial Worries | |
M | 515,080.27 | 3762.71 | 1267.04 | 581.42 | 1019.55 | 449.75 | 478.93 | 2064.19 |
SD | 1,401,674.26 | 4390.41 | 3115.25 | 1918.52 | 2380.56 | 625.59 | 708.28 | 3348.85 |
Min | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Max | 9,765,625 | 16,807 | 16,384 | 16,384 | 16,384 | 3125 | 3125 | 15,625 |
Calibration values | ||||||||
P10 | 246 | 80 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 8 | 18 |
P50 | 58,684 | 1920 | 54 | 24 | 96 | 192 | 144 | 576 |
P90 | 1,350,000 | 9604 | 4096 | 1296 | 3072 | 1235 | 1500 | 6400 |
High Life Satisfaction | Low Life Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cons | Cov | Cons | Cov | |
High levels of health worries | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.66 |
Low levels of health worries | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.62 |
High levels of economy worries | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.68 |
Low levels of economy worries | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
High levels of psychosocial worries | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.72 |
Low levels of psychosocial worries | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.57 |
High levels of anxiety | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.78 |
Low levels of anxiety | 0.86 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.53 |
High levels of depression | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.83 |
Low levels of depression | 0.86 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.51 |
High levels of stress | 0.287 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.81 |
Low levels of stress | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.54 |
High resilience | 0.62 | 0.69 | 0.45 | 0.58 |
Low resilience | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.76 | 0.69 |
Frequency Cut-Off: 1 | High Life Satisfaction | Low Life Satisfaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency Cut-Off: 0.87 | Consistency Cut-Off: 0.93 | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Health worries | ● | ○ | ● | |||
Economy worries | ○ | ● | ||||
Psychosocial worries | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ||
Anxiety | ○ | ● | ● | |||
Depression | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● |
Stress | ● | ● | ||||
Resilience | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Raw coverage | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 |
Unique coverage | 0.0 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Consistency | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.91 |
Overall solution consistency | 0.79 | 0.90 | ||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.34 | 0.44 |
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Herrera, J.S.; Lacomba-Trejo, L.; Valero-Moreno, S.; Montoya-Castilla, I.; Pérez-Marín, M. Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA. Children 2022, 9, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030439
Herrera JS, Lacomba-Trejo L, Valero-Moreno S, Montoya-Castilla I, Pérez-Marín M. Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA. Children. 2022; 9(3):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030439
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera, Juan Sebastián, Laura Lacomba-Trejo, Selene Valero-Moreno, Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla, and Marián Pérez-Marín. 2022. "Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA" Children 9, no. 3: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030439