Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Food Knowledge among Children Aged 9–14 Years in Southwestern Ontario, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Surveys
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Intake and Food Knowledge
4. Discussion
4.1. Dietary Intake
4.2. Food Knowledge
4.3. Age
4.4. Null Findings
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N * | Proportion (%) | Mean/Median | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 2412 | 11.2/11 | 1.3 | |
Gender | ||||
Females | 58.2 | |||
Males | 41.8 | |||
Grade | 2050 | |||
Five | 29.3 | |||
Six | 27.5 | |||
Seven | 23.5 | |||
Eight | 19.8 | |||
Ethnicity | ||||
White/Caucasian | 86.4 | |||
Other | 13.6 | |||
Number of Children in Main Home | 2216 | 2.6/2 | 1.1 | |
Mean Family Income | 2229 | 87,728.93/91,264.00 | 19,234.70 | |
Urban/Rural | 2224 | |||
City (>100,000 population) | 15.1 | |||
Small City (between 10,000 and 100,000) | 28.3 | |||
Small Town (>1000 population but <10,000) | 21.2 | |||
Rural | 35.4 | |||
Distance to Grocery Store | 2247 | 4.0/2.12 | 4.0 | |
<800 m | 11.9 | |||
800 m–<1.6 km | 28.3 | |||
1.6–<2.4 km | 15.6 | |||
2.4–<4.8 km | 15.9 | |||
>4.8 km | 28.3 | |||
Maximum Education of Either Parent | 2204 | |||
<High School | 7.0 | |||
High School | 24.2 | |||
University degree/College | 59.8 | |||
Graduate degree | 9.0 | |||
Parent 1 Employment | 2245 | |||
Employed full-time | 62.5 | |||
Not employed full-time | 37.5 | |||
Parent 2 Employment | 2185 | |||
Employed full-time | 81.5 | |||
Not employed full-time | 18.5 |
Variable | N | Proportion | Mean/Median | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Servings Fruit | 2196 | 2.6/3 | 1.1 | |
Servings Vegetables | 2208 | 2.4/2 | 1.2 | |
Servings Fruit and Vegetables | 2189 | 5.0/5 | 2.0 | |
Knowledge Score (out of 46) | 2226 | 29.2/30 | 7.1 | |
Fruit and Vegetable Intake (WHO/median intake) | ||||
Low (<5) | 891 | 40.7 | ||
High (≥5) | 1298 | 59.3 |
Variable | Servings FV | Correlation | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child age | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | <0.001 | |
11.2 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.1) | −0.08 | ||
Gender | Mean (SD) | 0.046 | ||
Female | 5.1 (1.9) | |||
Male | 4.8 (2.1) | |||
Ethnicity | Mean (SD) | 0.10 | ||
White (n = 1784) | 5.0 (2.0) | |||
Visible minority (n = 286) | 4.8 (2.1) | |||
Number of Children in the main home | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 0.81 | |
2.56 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.01 | ||
Mean Family Income | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 0.04 | |
87,728.93 (19,234.70) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.05 | ||
Urban/Rural | Mean (SD) | 0.04 | ||
City (>100,000 population) (n = 312) | 4.7 (2.2) | |||
Small City (between 10,000 and 100,000) (n = 570) | 5.0 (1.9) | |||
Small Town (>1000 population but <10,000) (n = 437) | 5.1 (2.0) | |||
Rural (n = 707) | 5.1 (2.0) | |||
Distance from grocery store | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 0.68 | |
4.0 (4.0) | 2.6 (1.1) | −0.01 | ||
Maximum Household Education | Mean (SD) | 0.03 | ||
<High School (n = 139) | 4.6 (2.0) | |||
High School (n = 487) | 4.9 (2.1) | |||
University degree/College (n = 1186) | 5.0 (1.9) | |||
Graduate degree (n = 178) | 5.2 (2.0) | |||
Parent 1 Employment | Mean (SD) | 0.04 | ||
Full Time (n = 1279) | 4.9 (1.9) | |||
Not Full Time (n = 747) | 5.1 (2.1) | |||
Parent 2 Employment | Mean (SD) | 0.49 | ||
Full Time (n = 1621) | 5.02 (1.98) | |||
Not Full Time (n = 352) | 4.79 (2.02) | |||
Knowledge Score | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | <0.001 | |
29.2 (7.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.27 |
Variable | B | SE B | β | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.114 | 0.035 | −0.072 | 0.001 |
Mean Family Income | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.59 |
Knowledge Score | 0.074 | 0.007 | 0.257 | <0.001 |
Male | −0.133 | 0.090 | −0.033 | 0.14 |
Caucasian | −0.125 | 0.142 | −0.021 | 0.38 |
Parent 1 Employed Full-time | 0.189 | 0.086 | 0.050 | 0.03 |
City | −0.144 | 0.151 | −0.026 | 0.34 |
Small City | −0.034 | 0.112 | −0.008 | 0.76 |
Small Town | 0.024 | 0.120 | 0.005 | 0.84 |
Education: Less than High School | −0.113 | 0.189 | −0.014 | 0.550 |
Education: High School | −0.092 | 0.106 | −0.020 | 0.389 |
Education Graduate | 0.250 | 0.158 | 0.036 | 0.114 |
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McEachern, L.W.; Ismail, M.R.; Seabrook, J.A.; Gilliland, J.A. Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Food Knowledge among Children Aged 9–14 Years in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Children 2022, 9, 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101456
McEachern LW, Ismail MR, Seabrook JA, Gilliland JA. Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Food Knowledge among Children Aged 9–14 Years in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Children. 2022; 9(10):1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101456
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcEachern, Louise W., Mariam R. Ismail, Jamie A. Seabrook, and Jason A. Gilliland. 2022. "Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Food Knowledge among Children Aged 9–14 Years in Southwestern Ontario, Canada" Children 9, no. 10: 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101456
APA StyleMcEachern, L. W., Ismail, M. R., Seabrook, J. A., & Gilliland, J. A. (2022). Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Food Knowledge among Children Aged 9–14 Years in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Children, 9(10), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101456