The Effects of Exercise Difficulty and Time-of-Day on the Perception of the Task and Soccer Performance in Child Soccer Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Kicking Accuracy
2.4. Perceived Exertion Scale Rating
2.5. Feeling Scale
2.6. Perceived Difficulty
2.7. The Profile of Mood States (POMS)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Psychomotor Parameters
3.1.1. Kicking Accuracy
3.1.2. Kicking Velocity
3.2. Perceived Difficulty and Psychological Parameters
3.3. Physiological Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Weaknesses
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | WTP | TP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | LD | SD | LD | ||
Absolute error (cm) | 08:00 h | 53.5 ± 12.7 | 79.1 ± 12.5 1 | 67.9 ± 13.6 2 | 93.3 ± 10.3 1,2 |
17:00 h | 53.8 ± 13.2 | 76.8 ± 14.3 1 | 65.9 ± 16.8 2 | 91.8 ± 10.5 1,2 | |
Variable error (cm) | 08:00 h | 47.9 ± 12 | 67.1 ± 13.7 1 | 50.1 ± 13.1 | 71.9 ± 13.3 1 |
17:00 h | 50.7 ± 13.7 | 67.7 ± 14.4 1 | 52.1 ± 17.2 | 72.4 ± 11.3 1 | |
Constant error (cm) | 08:00 h | 19.6 ± 14.8 | 27.7 ± 16.4 | 22.5 ± 16.1 | 29.1 ± 15.5 |
17:00 h | 18.7 ± 12.6 | 28.7 ± 14.9 | 21 ± 9.1 | 32 ± 17.3 1 | |
Ball velocity (m/s) | 08:00 h | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 1.7 1 | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 1.4 |
17:00 h | 9.6 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 1.6 1 | 8.7 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | |
Shooting quality (m/s) | 08:00 h | 1.06 ± 0.25 | 0.43 ± 0.14 1 | 0,75 ± 0.22 2 | 0.24 ± 0.1 1,2 |
17:00 h | 0.85 ± 0.22 | 0.8 ± 0.17 1 | 0.96 ± 0.29 2 | 0.84 ± 0.14 1,2 | |
Perceived difficulty (A.U) | 08:00 h | 4.84 ± 2.33 | 6.31 ± 1.97 1 | 5.03 ± 2.61 | 5.81 ± 2.31 1 |
17:00 h | 5.56 ± 2.68 | 6.47 ± 2.63 | 4.75 ± 2.37 | 7.03 ± 2.75 1 | |
Feeling score (A.U) | 08:00 h | 2.19 ± 2.62 | 2.28 ± 1.53 | 3.16 ± 1.92 2 | 3.34 ± 2.22 2 |
17:00 h | 3.19 ± 1.8 3 | 2.09 ± 1.49 1 | 2.69 ± 1.71 | 0.63 ± 1.68 1,2,3 | |
RPE (A.U) | 08:00 h | 1.0 ± 1.02 | 1.16 ± 0.88 1 | 0.78 ± 1.16 | 1.63 ± 1.62 1 |
17:00 h | 1.03 ± 1.18 | 1.34 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 1.34 3 | 2.16 ± 1.14 2,3 |
Variable | 08:00 h | 17:00 h | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety (A.U) | 2.6 ± 3.1 | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 0.69 | 0.496 |
Anger (A.U) | 5.5 ± 4 | 5 ± 5.2 | 0.43 | 0.669 |
Confusion (A.U) | 2.1 ± 3.7 | 2 ± 2.2 | 0.12 | 0.905 |
Depression (A.U) | 1.6 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 4.2 | 2.47 | 0.019 |
Fatigue (A.U) | 2.3 ± 2.7 | 2.3 ± 3.2 | 0.06 | 0.955 |
Vigor (A.U) | 26 ± 4.3 | 28.1 ± 4.2 | 2.19 | 0.036 |
Interpersonal-Relationship (A.U) | 23.1 ± 5 | 23.3 ± 4.4 | 0.12 | 0.908 |
TMD (A.U) | −12.1 ± 11.8 | −12.5 ± 18.2 | 0.13 | 0.896 |
Variable | 08:00 h | 17:00 h | t-Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 35 ± 0.8 | 36.2 ± 0.5 | 7.46 | <0.001 |
HR (b·min−1) | 84 ± 9 | 88 ± 11 | 2.26 | 0.031 |
SBP (mmHg) | 11.4 ± 0.7 | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 0.21 | 0.833 |
DBP (mmHg) | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 1.2 | 0.33 | 0.741 |
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Masmoudi, L.; Gharbi, A.; H’Mida, C.; Trabelsi, K.; Boukhris, O.; Chtourou, H.; Bouzid, M.A.; Clark, C.C.T.; Souissi, N.; Rosemann, T.; et al. The Effects of Exercise Difficulty and Time-of-Day on the Perception of the Task and Soccer Performance in Child Soccer Players. Children 2021, 8, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090793
Masmoudi L, Gharbi A, H’Mida C, Trabelsi K, Boukhris O, Chtourou H, Bouzid MA, Clark CCT, Souissi N, Rosemann T, et al. The Effects of Exercise Difficulty and Time-of-Day on the Perception of the Task and Soccer Performance in Child Soccer Players. Children. 2021; 8(9):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090793
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasmoudi, Liwa, Adnene Gharbi, Cyrine H’Mida, Khaled Trabelsi, Omar Boukhris, Hamdi Chtourou, Mohamed Amine Bouzid, Cain C. T. Clark, Nizar Souissi, Thomas Rosemann, and et al. 2021. "The Effects of Exercise Difficulty and Time-of-Day on the Perception of the Task and Soccer Performance in Child Soccer Players" Children 8, no. 9: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090793