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Review

The Current Status of Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease

by
Kei Kobayashi
1,2,†,
Christopher Liu
1,3,†,
Richard A. Jonas
1,2,4,‡ and
Nobuyuki Ishibashi
1,2,4,*,‡
1
Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
2
Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
3
School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
4
School of Medicine and Health Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
These authors also contributed equally to this work.
Children 2021, 8(12), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121116
Submission received: 3 November 2021 / Revised: 26 November 2021 / Accepted: 29 November 2021 / Published: 2 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Treatment of Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations in Children)
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Abstract

Neurological deficits are a serious and common sequelae of congenital heart disease (CHD). While their underlying mechanisms have not been fully characterized, their manifestations are well-known and understood to persist through adulthood. Development of therapies to address or prevent these deficits are critical to attenuate future morbidity and improve quality of life. In this review, we aim to summarize the current status of neuroprotective therapy in CHD. Through an exploration of present research in the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative phases of patient management, we will describe existing clinical and bench efforts as well as current endeavors underway within this research area.
Keywords: congenital heart disease; neuroprotection; brain; cardiac anomalies; neurological deficit congenital heart disease; neuroprotection; brain; cardiac anomalies; neurological deficit
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kobayashi, K.; Liu, C.; Jonas, R.A.; Ishibashi, N. The Current Status of Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease. Children 2021, 8, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121116

AMA Style

Kobayashi K, Liu C, Jonas RA, Ishibashi N. The Current Status of Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease. Children. 2021; 8(12):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121116

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kobayashi, Kei, Christopher Liu, Richard A. Jonas, and Nobuyuki Ishibashi. 2021. "The Current Status of Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease" Children 8, no. 12: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121116

APA Style

Kobayashi, K., Liu, C., Jonas, R. A., & Ishibashi, N. (2021). The Current Status of Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease. Children, 8(12), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121116

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