Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Settings
2.2. Advantage of the ABCD Study
2.3. Participants and Sampling
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Independent Variable
2.6. Outcome
2.7. Moderator
2.8. Confounders
2.9. Data Analysis
2.10. Ethical Aspect
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Multivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Analysis by Race/Ethnicity
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | NHWs | NHBs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
NHWs | 3321 | 70.7 | 3321 | 100.0 | - | - |
NHBs | 1375 | 29.3 | - | - | 1375 | 100.0 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 2236 | 47.6 | 1569 | 47.2 | 667 | 48.5 |
Female | 2460 | 52.4 | 1752 | 52.8 | 708 | 51.5 |
Marital Status * | ||||||
Other | 1255 | 26.9 | 435 | 13.1 | 820 | 60.8 |
Married | 3415 | 73.1 | 2886 | 86.9 | 529 | 39.2 |
Exposure to Childhood Trauma * | ||||||
0 | 2953 | 62.9 | 2207 | 66.5 | 746 | 54.3 |
1 | 1251 | 26.6 | 865 | 26.0 | 386 | 28.1 |
2+ | 492 | 10.5 | 249 | 7.5 | 243 | 17.7 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age (Year) | 9.44 | 0.50 | 9.44 | 0.50 | 9.45 | 0.52 |
Parental Educational Attainment (0–21) * | 16.92 | 2.38 | 17.59 | 1.99 | 15.33 | 2.51 |
Family Income (1–10) * | 7.25 | 2.50 | 8.16 | 1.73 | 5.04 | 2.69 |
Model 1 (Main Effects) | Model 2 (Interactions) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Outcome: 1 Trauma | ||||||
Race (NHW) | 0.94 | 0.78–1.13 | 0.518 | 13.13 | 4.47–38.57 | <0.001 |
Gender (Female) | 1.12 | 0.98–1.28 | 0.091 | 1.14 | 0.99–1.30 | 0.063 |
Marital Status (Non-Married) | 1.41 | 1.17–1.69 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.18–1.71 | <0.001 |
Age | 1.07 | 0.94–1.22 | 0.331 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.21 | 0.391 |
Parental Educational Attainment | 0.96 | 0.92–0.99 | 0.017 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | <0.001 |
Family Income | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.352 | 0.95 | 0.90–1.01 | 0.110 |
Parental Educational Attainment × NHB | 1.12 | 1.04–1.21 | 0.003 | |||
Family Income × NHB | 1.12 | 1.04–1.21 | 0.005 | |||
Intercept | 0.162 | 0.003 | ||||
Outcome: 2+ Trauma | ||||||
Race (NHW) | 0.76 | 0.59–0.97 | 0.030 | 53.10 | 12.79–220.51 | <0.001 |
Gender (Female) | 1.00 | 0.82–1.22 | 0.988 | 1.03 | 0.85–1.26 | 0.745 |
Marital Status (Non-Married) | 1.99 | 1.53–2.58 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.43–2.38 | <0.001 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.84–1.23 | 0.863 | 0.99 | 0.81–1.20 | 0.918 |
Parental Educational Attainment | 0.98 | 0.93–1.03 | 0.352 | 0.91 | 0.85–0.98 | 0.014 |
Family Income | 0.90 | 0.85–0.95 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.70–0.81 | <0.001 |
Parental Educational Attainment × NHB | 1.16 | 1.05–1.29 | 0.004 | |||
Family Income × NHB | 1.34 | 1.22–1.48 | <0.001 | |||
Intercept | 0.368 | 0.023 |
Model 3 (NHWs) | Model 4 (NHBs) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Outcome: 1 Trauma | ||||||
Gender (Female) | 1.18 | 1.00–1.38 | 0.046 | 1.04 | 0.81–1.33 | 0.749 |
Marital Status (Non-Married) | 1.60 | 1.27–2.02 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 0.83–1.54 | 0.436 |
Age | 1.07 | 0.91–1.25 | 0.439 | 1.04 | 0.82–1.33 | 0.727 |
Parental Educational Attainment | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.09 | 0.353 |
Family Income | 0.97 | 0.91–1.02 | 0.246 | 1.05 | 0.98–1.12 | 0.153 |
Intercept | 0.910 | 0.140 | ||||
Outcome: 2+ Trauma | ||||||
Gender (Female) | 1.01 | 0.77–1.32 | 0.971 | 1.05 | 0.78–1.40 | 0.752 |
Marital Status (Non-Married) | 1.92 | 1.37–2.70 | <0.001 | 1.71 | 1.16–2.51 | 0.007 |
Age (Years) | 0.94 | 0.71–1.23 | 0.628 | 1.05 | 0.79–1.39 | 0.753 |
Parental Educational Attainment (1–21) | 0.91 | 0.85–0.98 | 0.013 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.14 | 0.112 |
Family Income (1–10) | 0.76 | 0.70–0.82 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.08 | 0.894 |
Intercept | 0.157 | 0.051 |
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Assari, S. Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences. Children 2020, 7, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060057
Assari S. Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences. Children. 2020; 7(6):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060057
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin. 2020. "Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences" Children 7, no. 6: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060057