Relationship of Social–Emotional Learning, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Depressive Symptoms with Physical Activity in School-Aged Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Social–Emotional Learning
2.2.3. Psychological Well-Being
2.2.4. Resilience
2.2.5. Depressive Symptoms
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Association of Perceived SEL, RES, PWB, and DEP with PA in Total Sample
3.3. Association of Perceived SEL, RES, PWB, and DEP with PA in Male Sample
3.4. Association of Perceived SEL, RES, PWB, and DEP with PA in Female Sample
4. Discussion
4.1. Total Sample
4.2. Gender Differences
4.3. Conclusions
4.4. Limitations
4.5. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 281 | 52.6 |
Female | 240 | 44.9 |
Other | 13 | 2.4 |
Age | ||
8 | 1 | 0.2 |
9 | 169 | 31.6 |
10 | 236 | 44.2 |
11 | 78 | 14.6 |
12 | 49 | 9.2 |
13 | 1 | 0.2 |
Grade | ||
4th | 415 | 77.7 |
6th | 119 | 22.3 |
Race | ||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 11 | 2.1 |
Asian | 4 | 0.7 |
Black or African American | 50 | 9.4 |
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 13 | 2.4 |
White | 456 | 85.4 |
Variables | Total (n = 523) | Male (n = 279) | Female (n = 237) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean Gender Difference | |
PA Total | 2.83 (1.54) | 2.917 (1.51) | 2.75 (1.47) | 0.167 |
SEL | 4.08 (1.58) | 3.99 (1.44) | 4.21 (1.40) | −0.22 |
RES | 3.99 (1.99) | 4.02 (1.99) | 3.99 (1.83) | 0.03 |
PWB | 4.61 (2.51) | 4.59 (2.35) | 4.65 (2.55) | −0.06 |
DEP | 1.31 (1.55) | 1.28 (1.53) | 1.34 (1.56) | −0.06 |
Variable | R | R2 | F | p | df | β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | |||||||||
Model | 0.415 | 0.172 | 26.937 | <0.001 | (0.522) | ||||
SEL | −0.070 | −1.180 | 0.239 | ||||||
RES | 0.146 | 2.806 | 0.005 ** | ||||||
PWB | 0.383 | 6.855 | 0.001 ** | ||||||
DEP | 0.064 | 1.521 | 0.129 | ||||||
Male | |||||||||
Model | 0.437 | 0.191 | 15.846 | <0.001 | (0.272) | ||||
SEL | −0.019 | −0.254 | 0.800 | ||||||
RES | 0.171 | 2.505 | 0.013 * | ||||||
PWB | 0.358 | 4.997 | 0.001 ** | ||||||
DEP | 0.062 | 1.072 | 0.285 | ||||||
Female | |||||||||
Model | 0.325 | 0.106 | 6.869 | <0.001 | (0.236) | ||||
SEL | −0.074 | −0.760 | 0.448 | ||||||
RES | −0.060 | −0.722 | 0.471 | ||||||
PWB | −0.355 | 3.916 | 0.001 ** | ||||||
DEP | 0.063 | 0.917 | 0.360 |
PA | SEL | RES | PWB | DEP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | - | 0.260 ** | 0.294 ** | 0.396 ** | −0.061 |
SEL | 0.260 ** | - | 0.614 ** | 0.674 ** | −0.269 ** |
RES | 0.294 ** | 0.614 ** | - | 0.537 ** | −0.228 ** |
PWB | 0.396 ** | 0.674 ** | 0.537 ** | - | −0.288 ** |
DEP | −0.061 ** | −0.269 ** | −0.228 ** | −0.288 ** | - |
PA | SEL | RES | PWB | DEP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | - | 0.282 ** | 0.313 ** | 0.412 ** | −0.068 |
SEL | 0.282 ** | - | 0.556 ** | 0.619 ** | −0.255 ** |
RES | 0.313 ** | 0.556 ** | - | 0.474 ** | −0.276 ** |
PWB | 0.412 ** | 0.619 ** | 0.474 ** | - | −0.245 ** |
DEP | −0.68 | −0.255 ** | −0.276 ** | −0.245 ** | - |
PA | SEL | RES | PWB | DEP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | - | 0.189 ** | 0.201 ** | 0.314 ** | −0.055 |
SEL | 0.189 ** | - | 0.644 ** | 0.703 ** | −0.390 ** |
RES | 0.201 ** | 0.644 ** | - | 0.572 ** | −0.227 ** |
PWB | 0.314 ** | 0.703 ** | 0.572 ** | - | −0.374 ** |
DEP | −0.055 | −0.390 ** | −0.227 ** | −0.374 ** | - |
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Belaire, E.; Mualla, F.; Ball, L.; Ma, I.; Berkey, D.; Chen, W. Relationship of Social–Emotional Learning, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Depressive Symptoms with Physical Activity in School-Aged Children. Children 2024, 11, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081032
Belaire E, Mualla F, Ball L, Ma I, Berkey D, Chen W. Relationship of Social–Emotional Learning, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Depressive Symptoms with Physical Activity in School-Aged Children. Children. 2024; 11(8):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081032
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelaire, Evan, Fawzi Mualla, Lucas Ball, Iris Ma, Debra Berkey, and Weiyun Chen. 2024. "Relationship of Social–Emotional Learning, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Depressive Symptoms with Physical Activity in School-Aged Children" Children 11, no. 8: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081032
APA StyleBelaire, E., Mualla, F., Ball, L., Ma, I., Berkey, D., & Chen, W. (2024). Relationship of Social–Emotional Learning, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Depressive Symptoms with Physical Activity in School-Aged Children. Children, 11(8), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081032