Exploring Gender Moderation: The Impact of Neighborhood Factors on Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Neighborhood Factors and Adolescent Behavioral Problems
1.2. Neighborhood Influences and Gender Differences
1.3. Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Data and Sample
2.2. Measures
Neighborhood Structural Factors
2.3. Neighborhood Process Factors
2.4. Adolescent Behavioral Problems
2.5. Gender
2.6. Control Variables
2.7. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
3.1. SEM Model
3.2. Moderation Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications and Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Non-Hispanic Black population | ||||||||
2. Families below federal poverty line | 0.52 * | |||||||
3. Unemployed population | 0.58 * | 0.80 * | ||||||
4. Population with less than a bachelor’s degree | 0.40 * | 0.59 * | 0.54 * | |||||
5. Households on public assistance | 0.49 * | 0.85 * | 0.78 * | 0.55 * | ||||
6. Renter-occupied homes | 0.33 * | 0.64 * | 0.52 * | 0.30 * | 0.55 * | |||
7. Latinos | −0.39 * | 0.21 * | 0.11 * | 0.24 * | 0.20 * | 0.20 * | ||
8. Asians | −0.26 * | −0.15 * | −0.16 * | −0.24 * | −0.06 * | 0.04 * | 0.11 * | |
9. Foreign born | −0.30 * | 0.02 | 0.11 | −0.03 | 0.19 * | 0.31 * | 0.55 * | 0.68 * |
M (SD) | % | Range | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (female) | 47.82 | ||
Race | |||
White | 21.10 | ||
Black | 47.60 | ||
Hispanic | 27.30 | ||
Other | 4.00 | ||
Primary caregiver’s education | |||
Less than high school | 25.13 | ||
High school or above | 49.72 | ||
College | 25.15 | ||
Household poverty level (%) | 1.99 (2.28) | 0–41 | |
Mother married to child’s biological father | 29.52 | ||
Number of children in household | 2.68 (1.33) | ||
Child’s maltreatment at age 9 | |||
Psychological aggression | 7.13 (5.25) | 0–30 | |
Physical assault | 2.48 (4.17) | 0–27 | |
Neglect | 0.71 (1.91) | 0–25 | |
Economic disadvantage (census tract, %) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black population | 35 (35.70) | ||
Families below federal poverty line | 15 (13.10) | ||
Unemployed population (aged 16 or older) | 9 (6.90) | ||
Population without bachelor’s degree | 81 (15.20) | ||
Households on public assistance | 6 (6.30) | ||
Ethnic heterogeneity (census tract, %) | |||
Latino | 18 (24.10) | ||
Asian | 4 (7.90) | ||
Foreign born | 12 (13.70) | ||
Residential instability (census tract) | 44 (24.30) | ||
Child’s behavioral problems at age 9 | |||
Internalizing symptoms | 37.03 (5.70) | 32–96 | |
Externalizing symptoms | 41.22 (6.92) | 35–105 | |
Child’s behavioral problems at age 15 | |||
Internalizing symptoms | 10.04 (2.45) | 8–23 | |
Externalizing symptoms | 24.39 (5.06) | 20–56 |
Model 1 | Model 2 (Multigroup SEM) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internalizing | Externalizing | Internalizing (Boys) | Externalizing (Boys) | Internalizing (Girls) | Externalizing (Girls) | |||||||
β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
Gender (female) | 0.07 *** | 0.03, 0.10 | −0.04 * | −0.07, −0.01 | ||||||||
Neighborhood structural factors | ||||||||||||
Economic disadvantage | −0.03 | −0.07, 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03, 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.07, 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.07, 0.11 |
Residential instability | 0.02 | −0.01, 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.04, 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.10 | −0.04 | −0.10, 0.02 | 0.08 ** | 0.02, 0.13 | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.09 |
Ethnic heterogeneity | 0.03 | −0.01, 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.07, 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.04, 0.08 | −0.01 | −0.08, 0.05 |
Neighborhood process factors | ||||||||||||
Social cohesion | −0.06 * | −0.12, 0.00 | −0.07 * | −0.13, 0.02 | −0.10 * | −0.18, −0.02 | −0.10 * | −0.18, −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.11, 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.13, 0.04 |
Social control | −0.01 | −0.07, 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.01, 0.09 | −0.002 | −0.08, 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.02, 0.13 | −0.03 | −0.11, 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.11, 0.05 |
Control variables | ||||||||||||
Race | ||||||||||||
Black | −0.21 *** | −0.26, −0.16 | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.01 | −0.13 *** | −0.20, 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.07, 0.06 | −0.28 *** | −0.35, −0.23 | −0.07 * | −0.13, 0.00 |
Hispanic | −0.14 *** | −0.19, −0.09 | −0.06 ** | −0.10, −0.02 | −0.11 ** | −0.17, −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.09, 0.03 | −0.17 *** | −0.24, −0.10 | −0.10 ** | −0.16, −0.04 |
Number of children | −0.03 | −0.06, 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00, 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.07, 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.08, 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.01, 0.09 |
Household poverty level | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.07, 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.12, 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.06, 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.06, 0.03 |
Marital status (married) | −0.06 ** | −0.10, −0.03 | −0.08 *** | −0.11, −0.05 | −0.07 ** | −0.12, −0.03 | −0.10 ** | −0.15, −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.10, 0.00 | −0.07 ** | −0.11, −0.02 |
Primary caregiver’s education | ||||||||||||
High school or above | −0.02 | −0.05, 0.01 | −0.03 * | −0.07, 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.05, 0.04 | −0.05 * | −0.09, 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.07, 0.03 |
College | −0.01 | −0.05, 0.01 | −0.05 ** | −0.08, −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.04, 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.08, 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.02 | −0.07 ** | −0.11, −0.03 |
Peer bullying | 0.14 *** | 0.10, 0.19 | 0.11 *** | 0.06, 0.15 | 0.28 *** | 0.07, 0.19 | 0.08 ** | 0.02, 0.13 | 0.14 *** | 0.07, 0.20 | 0.11 ** | 0.05, 0.17 |
Previous behavioral problems (age 9) | 0.27 *** | 0.21, 0.32 | 0.28 *** | 0.23, 0.34 | 0.29 *** | 0.20, 0.37 | 0.28 *** | 0.20, 0.35 | 0.26 *** | 0.18, 0.34 | 0.30 *** | 0.22, 0.38 |
Child maltreatment | 0.03 | −0.02, 0.08 | 0.14 *** | 0.08, 0.19 | 0.04 | −0.03, 0.10 | 0.15 *** | 0.08, 0.22 | 0.03 | −0.03, 0.09 | 0.11 ** | 0.05, 0.17 |
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Pei, F. Exploring Gender Moderation: The Impact of Neighborhood Factors on Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms. Children 2024, 11, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040389
Pei F. Exploring Gender Moderation: The Impact of Neighborhood Factors on Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms. Children. 2024; 11(4):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040389
Chicago/Turabian StylePei, Fei. 2024. "Exploring Gender Moderation: The Impact of Neighborhood Factors on Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms" Children 11, no. 4: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040389