Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants and Ethical Consideration
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Clinical Examination
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Change in Parental Attitudes Towards Children’s Oral Health
3.3. Change in Children’s Oral Health and Oral Health-Related Behaviour
3.4. Association Between Parental Attitudes and Children’s Oral Health over Time
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Survey in 2010/2011 (n = 294) | Survey in 2023 (n = 302) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | ||
Sex of respondents: | |||||
Males (fathers) | 46 | 15.6 | 40 | 13.2 | 0.404 |
Females (mothers) | 248 | 84.4 | 262 | 86.8 | |
Age of respondents: | |||||
Mean (SD) | 33.4 | 5.39 | 35.3 | 4.25 | <0.001 |
<35 years | 197 | 67.0 | 164 | 54.3 | 0.002 |
≥35 years | 97 | 33.0 | 138 | 45.7 | |
Education level of respondents: | |||||
Less than college or university | 96 | 32.8 | 76 | 25.2 | 0.041 |
College or university | 197 | 67.2 | 226 | 74.8 | |
Nursery location: | |||||
Urban area | 220 | 74.8 | 202 | 66.9 | 0.033 |
Rural area | 74 | 25.2 | 100 | 33.1 | |
Sex of children: | |||||
Boys | 152 | 51.7 | 164 | 54.3 | 0.524 |
Girls | 142 | 48.3 | 138 | 45.7 | |
Age of children: | |||||
Mean (SD) | 5.02 | 0.82 | 5.18 | 0.84 | |
<5 years | 134 | 45.6 | 151 | 50.0 | 0.280 |
≥5 years | 160 | 54.4 | 151 | 50.0 |
Sum Score | Survey in 2010/201 (n = 294) | Survey in 2023 (n = 302) | Increase | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | 95% CI | ||
Dimension TB 1 | 44.34 | 4.93 | 47.85 | 4.43 | 3.51 | 2.76–4.27 | <0.001 |
Dimension TB 2 | 43.78 | 6.05 | 47.52 | 6.10 | 3.75 | 2.99–4.50 | <0.001 |
Dimension SS 1 | 25.63 | 4.64 | 28.31 | 4.00 | 2.68 | 1.98–3.37 | <0.001 |
Dimension SS 2 | 25.27 | 5.68 | 27.99 | 5.72 | 2.72 | 2.01–3.43 | <0.001 |
Dimension DD 1 | 43.36 | 4.85 | 46.53 | 5.09 | 3.17 | 2.37–3.97 | <0.001 |
Dimension DD 2 | 42.94 | 6.38 | 46.12 | 6.43 | 3.18 | 2.39–3.98 | <0.001 |
Total PACOH scale 1 | 113.33 | 10.24 | 122.69 | 10.00 | 9.36 | 7.73–10.99 | <0.001 |
Total PACOH scale 2 | 111.99 | 13.01 | 121.64 | 13.12 | 9.65 | 8.02–11.27 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Regression Weights (B-Values) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension TB | Dimension SS | Dimension DD | Total PACOH | |
Year of the survey: | ||||
2010/2011 # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2023 | 3.75 *** | 2.72 *** | 3.18 *** | 9.65 *** |
Sex of respondents: | ||||
Males (fathers) # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Females (mothers) | –0.10 | 0.53 | –0.80 | –0.37 |
Age of respondents: | ||||
<35 years # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
≥35 years | –1.29 *** | 0.15 | –0.46 | –1.60 |
Education level of respondents: | ||||
Less than college or university # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
College or university | 0.24 | 0.04 | 1.76 *** | 2.04 * |
Nursery location: | ||||
Urban area # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rural area | –1.35 ** | –0.88 * | –1.31 ** | –3.54 *** |
Sex of children: | ||||
Boys # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Girls | –0.45 | 0.70 | –0.45 | –0.19 |
Age of children: | ||||
<5 years # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
≥5 years | –0.59 | –0.38 | –0.54 | –1.52 |
Characteristic | Survey in 2010/2011 (n = 294) | Survey in 2023 (n = 302) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | ||
Parental assessment of children’s dental health: | |||||
Healthy teeth | 164 | 55.8 | 240 | 79.5 | <0.001 |
Not healthy teeth or undefined status | 130 | 44.2 | 62 | 20.5 | |
Dmf-t index: | |||||
Mean (SD) 1 | 5.39 | 4.05 | 3.11 | 3.62 | <0.001 |
Mean (SD) 2 | 5.56 | 4.90 | 3.31 | 4.92 | <0.001 |
Caries prevalence | 253 | 86.1 | 166 | 55.0 | <0.001 |
Assessment of oral hygiene by Silness–Löe plaque index: | |||||
Mean (SD) 1 | 1.45 | 0.86 | 1.15 | 1.02 | <0.001 |
Mean (SD) 2 | 1.63 | 1.18 | 1.33 | 1.22 | <0.001 |
excellent oral hygiene | 42 | 14.3 | 95 | 33.3 | <0.001 |
good | 108 | 36.7 | 87 | 30.5 | |
satisfactory | 114 | 28.8 | 68 | 23.9 | |
poor | 30 | 10.2 | 35 | 12.3 | |
Child brushes their teeth: | |||||
Regularly | 97 | 33.0 | 167 | 55.3 | <0.001 |
Irregularly | 197 | 67.0 | 135 | 44.7 | |
Parents help their children brush their teeth: | |||||
No | 236 | 80.8 | 142 | 47.0 | <0.001 |
Yes | 56 | 19.2 | 160 | 53.0 | |
Visits to children’s dentist: | |||||
Regular | 107 | 36.4 | 257 | 85.1 | <0.001 |
Irregular | 187 | 63.6 | 45 | 14.9 |
Intercept and Predictors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | |
Intercept | 5.39 *** | 0.251 | 5.73 *** | 0.152 | 5.70 *** | 4.61 *** | 0.067 | 4.64 *** | 0.037 | |
Year of the survey: | ||||||||||
2010/2011 # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
2023 | –2.28 *** | 0.081 | –1.93 *** | 0.054 | –1.94 *** | 0.055 | –0.96 ** | 0.012 | –1.00 ** | 0.013 |
Sum score PACOH: | ||||||||||
<120 # | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
≥120 | –1.21 *** | 0.022 | –1.00 ** | 0.015 | –0.51 | 0.005 | –0.44 | 0.003 | ||
Child brushes their teeth: | ||||||||||
Regularly # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Irregularly | 2.10 *** | 0.077 | 2.14 *** | 0.081 | ||||||
Parents help the children brush their teeth: | ||||||||||
No # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Yes | –2.21 *** | 0.071 | –1.92 *** | 0.053 | ||||||
Visits to children’s dentist: | ||||||||||
Regular # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Irregular | –0.14 | 0.000 | –0.17 | 0.000 | ||||||
Sex of respondents: | ||||||||||
Males (fathers) # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Females (mothers) | 0.58 | 0.003 | 0.56 | 0.003 | ||||||
Age of respondents: | ||||||||||
<35 years # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
≥35 years | 0.74 | 0.009 | 0.48 | 0.004 | ||||||
Education of respondents: | ||||||||||
Less than college or university # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
College or university | –1.45 *** | 0.027 | –1.20 *** | 0.021 | ||||||
Nursery location: | ||||||||||
Urban area # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Rural area | –0.11 | 0.000 | –0.48 | 0.003 | ||||||
Sex of children: | ||||||||||
Boys # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Girls | –0.45 | 0.004 | –0.36 | 0.003 | ||||||
Age of children: | ||||||||||
<5 years # | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
≥5 years | 0.82 ** | 0.012 | 0.67 * | 0.009 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 (%) | 8.0 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 24.0 | 26.4 |
Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | B | Partial η2 | |
Intercept | 33.0 *** | 0.398 | 29.1 *** | 0.386 | 33.7 *** | 0.253 |
Year of the survey: | ||||||
2010/2011 # | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
2023 | 22.3 *** | 0.050 | 19.3 *** | 0.034 | 21.1 *** | 0.039 |
Sum score PACOH: | ||||||
<120 # | 0 | |||||
≥120 | 13.2 *** | 0.016 | 12.8 ** | 0.015 | ||
Sex of respondents: | ||||||
Males (fathers) # | 0 | |||||
Females (mothers) | −0.3 | 0.000 | ||||
Age of respondents: | ||||||
<35 years # | 0 | |||||
≥35 years | −6.3 | 0.004 | ||||
Education level of respondents: | ||||||
Less than college or university # | 0 | |||||
College or university | 0.3 | 0.000 | ||||
Nursery location: | ||||||
Urban area # | 0 | |||||
Rural area | −5.2 | 0.002 | ||||
Sex of children: | ||||||
Boys # | 0 | |||||
Girls | 6.7 | 0.005 | ||||
Age of children: | ||||||
<5 years # | 0 | |||||
≥5 years | 4.2 | 0.002 | ||||
Adjusted R2 (%) | 4.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 |
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Zaborskis, A.; Razmienė, J.; Razmaitė, A.; Andruškevičienė, V.; Narbutaitė, J.; Bendoraitienė, E.A.; Kavaliauskienė, A. Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania. Children 2024, 11, 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111380
Zaborskis A, Razmienė J, Razmaitė A, Andruškevičienė V, Narbutaitė J, Bendoraitienė EA, Kavaliauskienė A. Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania. Children. 2024; 11(11):1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111380
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaborskis, Apolinaras, Jaunė Razmienė, Augustė Razmaitė, Vilija Andruškevičienė, Julija Narbutaitė, Eglė Aida Bendoraitienė, and Aistė Kavaliauskienė. 2024. "Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania" Children 11, no. 11: 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111380
APA StyleZaborskis, A., Razmienė, J., Razmaitė, A., Andruškevičienė, V., Narbutaitė, J., Bendoraitienė, E. A., & Kavaliauskienė, A. (2024). Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania. Children, 11(11), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111380