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Volume 11
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10.3390/children11101224
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Article

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Jeddah: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Khlood Baghlaf
1,
Ghazal Abdulhadi Bokhari
2,
Fatmah Yousef Aljehani
2,
Raneem T. Shaker
2,
Maha Alshehri
1,
Abdullah Almushali
2,
Abdulaziz Alharthi
2 and
Heba Jafar Sabbagh
1,*
1
Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
2
Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Children 2024, 11(10), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101224
Submission received: 13 September 2024 / Revised: 26 September 2024 / Accepted: 6 October 2024 / Published: 9 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a prevalent multifactorial developmental dental defect with unclear etiology. This study aimed to identify potential risk factors for MIH among primary school children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study including children aged 7 to 10 years old, recruited from twelve randomly selected schools located in three regions of Jeddah city, was carried out. The children were examined for MIH and dental caries using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Criteria (2003) and the DMFT/dmft WHO index. Parents were asked to provide medical and socio-demographic information on their children from their first two years of life. Results: A total of 2010 children were examined, with 888 parents responding to the survey (a 44.2% response rate). Lower maternal education was found to be significantly associated with a decreased adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of MIH (Model 1: p = 0.014, AOR = 0.646, and 95% CI = 0.456 to 0.915; Model 2: p = 0.019, AOR = 0.658, and 95% CI = 0.465 to 0.933). Being an only child, a child’s birth order, type of delivery, breastfeeding, and medical conditions were not associated with MIH. Conclusions: The significant association between MIH and maternal education suggests that further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and identify other potential confounding variables.
Keywords: etiology; hypomineralization; MIH; postnatal; pre-natal; risk factors etiology; hypomineralization; MIH; postnatal; pre-natal; risk factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Baghlaf, K.; Bokhari, G.A.; Aljehani, F.Y.; Shaker, R.T.; Alshehri, M.; Almushali, A.; Alharthi, A.; Sabbagh, H.J. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Jeddah: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children 2024, 11, 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101224

AMA Style

Baghlaf K, Bokhari GA, Aljehani FY, Shaker RT, Alshehri M, Almushali A, Alharthi A, Sabbagh HJ. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Jeddah: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children. 2024; 11(10):1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101224

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baghlaf, Khlood, Ghazal Abdulhadi Bokhari, Fatmah Yousef Aljehani, Raneem T. Shaker, Maha Alshehri, Abdullah Almushali, Abdulaziz Alharthi, and Heba Jafar Sabbagh. 2024. "Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Jeddah: A Cross-Sectional Study" Children 11, no. 10: 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101224

APA Style

Baghlaf, K., Bokhari, G. A., Aljehani, F. Y., Shaker, R. T., Alshehri, M., Almushali, A., Alharthi, A., & Sabbagh, H. J. (2024). Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Related Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Jeddah: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 11(10), 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101224

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