Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Program on Anthropomorphic and Cardiometabolic Variables in School Children with Overweight and Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and Procedures
2.2.1. Anthropometric Measurement
2.2.2. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.2.3. Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BF | Body Fat |
BP | Blood pressure |
BMI | Body mass index |
CG | Control group |
CR | Cardiometabolic risk |
EG | Experimental group |
HIIT | High intensity interval training |
OB | Obesity |
OW | Overweight |
P | Percentile |
PA | Physical activity |
PE | Physical Education |
PP | Percentage points |
WC | Waist circumference |
WFS | Waist for stature |
WHtR | Waist to height ratio |
References
- World Health Organization. Childhood Overweight and Obesity; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021; Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed on 1 February 2022).
- Ahn, S.; Fedewua, A. Un metanalisis de la relación entre la actividad física y la salud mental de los niños. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2011, 36, 385–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carlson, J.; Sallis, J.; Norman, G.; McKenzie, T.; Kerr, J.; Arredondo, E.; Saelens, B. Elementary school practices and children’s objectively measured physical activity during school. Prev. Med. 2013, 57, 591–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministerio del Deporte. Encuesta Nacional de Actividad Física y Deporte en Población de Menores de 5 a 17 Años; Gobierno de Chile: Santiago, Chile, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerio de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016–2017; Minsal: Santiago, Chile, 2018; Available online: http://epi.minsal.cl/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/Informe_estado_nutricional_ENS2016_2017.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2022).
- Junaeb. 2020 Informe Mapa Nutricional 2019; Mineduc: Santiago, Chile, 2020; Available online: https://www.junaeb.cl/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mapa-Nutricional-2019-1 (accessed on 2 February 2022).
- Junaeb. Mapa Nutricional Junaeb 2020; Mineduc: Santiago, Chile, 2021; Available online: https://www.junaeb.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/MapaNutricional2020_.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2022).
- Panorama de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe. Organización de las Naciones Unida para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). 2014. Available online: http://www.fao.org/americas/recursos/panorama/2014/es/ (accessed on 4 February 2022).
- Mineduc. Curriculum Nacional. Planes de Estudio. 2022. Available online: https://www.curriculumnacional.cl/portal/Documentos-Curriculares/Planes-de-estudio/ (accessed on 12 February 2022).
- Hassink, S. Obesidad Infantil. Prevención, Intervenciones y Tratamiento en Atención Primaria; Médica Panamericana: Madrid, Spain, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Viñuela, M.; Vera, A.; Colomer, D.; Márquez, G.; Romero, S. Efecto de 12 sesiones de un entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad sobre la composición la corporal en adultos jóvenes. Nutr. Hospitalaria. 2016, 33, 637–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Camacho, A.; Brazo, J.; Camacho, M.; Marcos, M.; Timón, R.; Olcina, G. Efecto de un protocolo de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad sobre masa grasa corporal en adolescentes. Rev. Española Salud Pública. 2016, 90, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Vargas, K.; Macías, M.; Díaz, F.; Pérez, V. El entrenamiento aeróbico de 12 semanas reduce los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes con exceso de peso. Gac. Médica México. 2014, 150 (Suppl. 1), 120–124. [Google Scholar]
- Galdames, S.; Huerta, A.; Chirosa, L.; Cáceres, P.; Reyes, T. Efecto de un método de Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno en escolares chilenos. Univ. Salud. 2017, 19, 359–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bond, B.; Cockcroft, E.; Williams, C.; Harris, S.; Gates, P.; Jackman, S.; Barker, A. Two weeks of high-intensity interval training improves novel but not traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents. Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol. 2015, 309, 10391047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García, A.; Cerrillo, A.; Herrera, T.; Cristi, C.; Saavedra, J.; Martínez, V. Is high-intensity interval training more effective on improving cardiometabolic risk and aerobic capacity than other forms of exercise in overweight and obese youth? A meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2016, 17, 531–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gibala, M.; Little, J.; MacDonald, M.; Hawley, J. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J. Physiol. 2012, 590, 1077–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eddolls, W.T.B.; McNarry, M.A.; Stratton, G.; Winn, C.O.N.; Mackintosh, K.A. High-Intensity Interval Training Interventions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sport. Med. 2017, 47, 2363–2374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laursen, P.; Buchheit, M. Science and Application of High-Intensity Interval Training-Solutions to the Programming; Human kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2019; ISBN 978-1-4925-5212-3. [Google Scholar]
- Crisp, N.; Fournier, P.; Licari, M.; Braham, R.; Guelfi, K. Adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation: Implications for acute energy balance and enjoyme. Metabolism 2012, 61, 1280–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Espinoza, M.; Latorre, P.; Párraga, J.; Caamaño, F.; Daniel, D.; Delgado, P. Response of Obese Schoolchildren to High-Intensity Interval Training Applied in the School Context; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; Volume 66, Endocrinología, Diabetes Nutrición. [Google Scholar]
- Reyes, T.; Palmeira, A.; Martins, T.; Carrasco, H.; Gómez, M.; Soto, J.; Ibarra, J.; Mota, J. Efectividad de los Juegos de Alta Intensidad versus Juegos de Moderada Intensidad sobre la Condición Cardiorrespiratoria y Variables Antropométricas en Niños. Eur. J. Hum. Mov. 2017, 39–71. [Google Scholar]
- Lambrick, D.; Westrupp, N.; Kaufmann, S.; Stoner, L.; Faulkner, J. The effectiveness of a high-intensity games intervention on improving indices of health in young children. J. Sport. Sci. 2016, 34, 190–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marfell, M.; Stewart, A.; Olds, T.; De Ridder, J. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment; International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry, 2011; ISBN 0-620-36207-3. [Google Scholar]
- Khoury, M.; Manhlhiot, C.; McCrindle, B. Role of the waist/height ratio in the cardiometabolic risk assesment of children classified by body mass index. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013, 62, 742–751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slaughter, M.H.; Lohman, T.G.; Boileau, R.A.; Horswill, C.A.; Stillman, R.J.; Van Loan, M.D.; Bemben, D.A. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum. Biol. 1988, 60, 709–723. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, H.; Ghormli, L.; Jago, R.; Foster, G.; McMurray, R.; Buse, J.; Stadler, D.; Treviño, R.; Baranowski, T. Cardiometabolic risk assessment by body mass index z-score or waist-to-height ratio in a multiethnic sample of sixth graders. J. Obes. 2014, 2014, 421658. [Google Scholar]
- Browning, L.; Hsieh, S.; Ashwell, M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0.5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2010, 23, 247–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutiérrez, M.; Beroiza, T.; Cartagena, T.; Caviedes, I.; Céspedes, J.; Gutietrez, J.; Oyarzún, M.; Palacios, S.; Scholffenldedt, P. Prueba de caminata de seis minutos. Rev. Chil. Enferm. Respir. 2009, 25, 10. [Google Scholar]
- Mineduc. Planes y Programas Asignatura Educación Física y Salud. 2021. Available online: https://www.curriculumnacional.cl/portal/Educacion-General/Educacion-fisica-y-salud/Ed-Fisica-y-Salud-4-basico/#tabs_2 (accessed on 1 March 2022).
- Carrasco, H.; Reigal, R.; Ulloa, D.; Chirosa, I.; Chirosa, L. Efecto de los juegos reducidos en la composición corporal y la condición física aeróbica en un grupo de adolescentes escolares. Rev. Médica Chile 2015, 143, 744–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Retamal, C.; Delgado, P.; Espinoza, J.; Jerez, D. Comportamiento del Profesor, Intensidad y Tiempo Efectivo de las Clases de Educación Física en una escuela pública: Un acercamiento a la realidad. Retos 2019, 35, 160–163. [Google Scholar]
- Validez de criterio de las escalas de medición de medición de esfuerzo percibido en niños sanos: Una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis Arch. Argent. Pediatr. 2016, 114, 120–128.
- Rodríguez, I.; Gatica, D. Perceived exertion during exercise: Is their measurement valid in children? Rev. Chil. Enferm. Respir. 2016, 32, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Routledge: London, UK, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- San Mauro, I.; Megias, A.; García, B.; Bodega, P.; Rodríguez, P.; Grande, G.; Micó, V.; Romero, E.; García, N.; Fajardo, D.; et al. Influencia de hábitos saludables en el estado ponderal de niños y adolescentes en edad escolar. Nutr. Hosp. 2015, 31, 1996–2005. [Google Scholar]
- Blüher, S.; Käpplinger, J.; Herget, S.; Reichardt, S.; Böttcher, Y.; Grimm, A.; Kratzsch, J.; Petroff, D. Cardiometabolic risk markers, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aFABP) and the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in obese adolescents. Metabolism 2017, 68, 77–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez, S.R.; Ríos, L.J.C.; Tamayo, I.M.; Almeida, L.G.; López-Gomez, M.A.; Jara, C.C. An After-School, high-intensity, interval physical activity program impoves health-related fitness in children. Mot. Rev. Educ. Física 2016, 22, 359–367. [Google Scholar]
- Kelishadi, R.; Mirmoghtadaee, P.; Najafi, H.; Keikha, M. Rtcle systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with cardio-metabolic risk factors. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2015, 20, 294–307. [Google Scholar]
- Maffeis, C.; Banzato, C.; Talamini, G. Waist-to-Height Ratio, a Useful Index to Identify High Metabolic Risk in Overweight Children. J. Pediatr. 2008, 152, 207–213.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ezzatvar, Y.; Izquierdo, M.; Ramírez-Vélez, R.; del Pozo Cruz, B.; García-Hermoso, A. Accuracy of different cutoffs of the waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. Obes. Rev. 2022, 23, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medrano, M.; Cadenas-Sánchez, C.; Oses, M.; Villanueva, A.; Cabeza, R.; Idoate, F.; Sanz, A.; Rodríguez-Vigil, B.; Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; et al. Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight/obesity. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2022, 32, 211–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lau, P.W.C.; Wong, D.P.; Ngo, J.K.; Liang, Y.; Kim, C.G.; Kim, H.S. Effects of high-intensity intermittent running exercise in overweight children. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2015, 15, 182–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thivel, D.; Isacco, L.; Lazaar, N.; Aucouturier, J.; Ratel, S.; Doré, E.; Meyer, M.; Duché, P. Effect of a 6-month school-based physical activity program on body composition and physical fitness in lean and obese schoolchildren. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2011, 170, 1435–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zimmet, P.; Alberti, G.K.M.M.; Kaufman, F.; Tajima, N.; Silink, M.; Arslanian, S.; Wong, G.; Bennett, P.; Shaw, J.; Caprio, S. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents-An IDF consensus report. Pediatr. Diabetes 2007, 8, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Juhola, J.; Magnussen, C.G.; Viikari, J.S.A.; Kähönen, M.; Hutri-Kähönen, N.; Jula, A.; Lehtimäki, T.; Kerblom, H.K.; Pietikäinen, M.; Laitinen, T.; et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J. Pediatr. 2011, 159, 584–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barba, G.; Buck, C.; Bammann, K.; Hadjigeorgiou, C.; Hebestreit, A.; Mårild, S.; Molnár, D.; Russo, P.; Veidebaum, T.; Vyncke, K.; et al. Blood pressure reference values for European non-overweight school children: The IDEFICS study. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, S48–S56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P.; Cavero-Redondo, I.; Herraiz-Adillo, A.; Diez-Fernandez, A.; Sanchez-Lopez, M.; Martinez-Vizcaino, V. School-based exercise programs and cardiometabolic risk factors: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018, 142, e20181033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bauer, N.; Sperlich, B.; Holmberg, H.C.; Engel, F.A. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in School on the Physical Performance and Health of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sport. Med.Open 2022, 8, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lammers, A.E.; Hislop, A.A.; Flynn, Y.; Haworth, S.G. The 6-minute walk test: Normal values for children of 4-11 years of age. Arch. Dis. Child. 2008, 93, 464–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- del Corral, T.; Tapia-Castañeda, J.; Ríos-Pérez, G.; Triviño-López, P.; Sastre-Moreno, N.; Fernández, P.G.; López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, I. Assessment of the determinants of changes and test–retest reliability in the 6-min walk test performance over a 4-month period in healthy 6–12-year-old children. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2022, 122, 935–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabiela, S.; Fabián, V.; Concha, F.; Leyton:, B.; Kain, J. The influence of body composition on the six-minute walk test in Chilean preschool and School children. Nutr. Hosp. 2022, 39, 27–32. [Google Scholar]
- Delgado-Floody, P.; Espinoza-Silva, M.; García-Pinillos, F.; Latorre-Román, P. Effects of 28 weeks of high-intensity interval training during physical education classes on cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren: A pilot trial. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2018, 177, 1019–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambrick, D.; Stoner, L.; Ewings, S.; Faulkner, J. Comment on: Is high-intensity interval training more effective on improving cardiometabolic risk and aerobic capacity than other forms of exercise in overweight and obese youth? A meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2016, 17, 1012–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reyes-Amigo, T.; Gómez, M.; Gallardo, M.; Palmeira, A.; Rodolfo, T.; Amigo, R. Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition in Preadolescents: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Hum. Mov. 2017, 39, 32–47. [Google Scholar]
- Cao, M.; Quan, M.; Zhuang, J. Effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Variables | Groups | Mean (SD) Pre-Test | Mean (SD) Post-Test | p-Value (Time × Group) | Cohen’s d | Increase | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 20.29 (2.81) 16.20 (0.86) <0.001 | 19.62 (2.75) 16.21 (1.26) <0.001 | <0.001 0.507 | 0.240 0.009 | 0.66 (1.67) 0.08 (0.89) | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 62.08 (5.48) 54.29 (2.78) <0.001 | 61.78 (6.56) 55.56 (4.34) <0.001 | 0.413 0.018 | 0.049 0.348 | 0.29 (3.95) 1.27 (3.99) | 0.016 |
WHtR | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 0.50 (0.03) 0.45 (0.02) <0.001 | 0.48 (0.04) 0.48 (0.30) 0.963 | 0.220 0.139 | 0.565 0.141 | 0.02 (0.03) 0.03 (0.30) | 0.052 |
body fat (%) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 22.02 (5.54) 15.08 (3.46) <0.001 | 20.61 (5.47) 15.20 (3.55) <0.001 | <0.001 0.675 | 0.256 0.034 | 1.41 (3.60) 0.08 (2.81) | <0.001 |
∑ 4 skinfold fat (mm) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 49.05 (16.18) 28.15 (7.12) <0.001 | 44.98 (16.50) 28.65 (8.25) <0.001 | <0.001 0.421 | 0.249 0.064 | 4.06 (8.52) 0.50 (5.63) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 101.28 (11.43) 95.85 (11.01) <0.001 | 102.06 (14.87) 98.78 (11.44) 0.027 | 0.406 0.026 | 0.058 0.260 | 0.78 (16.93) 2.93 (13.69) | 0.179 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 60.85 (10.65) 59.70 (12.09) 0.295 | 60.45 (13.59) 59.72 (13.30) 0.638 | 0.662 0.944 | 0.032 0.001 | −0.40 (16.97) 0.02 (17.90) | 0.757 |
RHR (bpm) | EG CG p-value (group × time) | 86.54 (12.58) 84.10 (12.31) 0.055 | 85.20 (11.37) 84.24 (12.25) 0.418 | 0.109 0.907 | 0.111 0.011 | −1.34 (14.04) 0.14 (14.44) | 0.306 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Espinoza Silva, J.M.; Latorre Román, P.Á.; Cabrera Linares, J.C.; Párraga Montilla, J.A.; Martínez Salazar, C. Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Program on Anthropomorphic and Cardiometabolic Variables in School Children with Overweight and Obesity. Children 2023, 10, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020317
Espinoza Silva JM, Latorre Román PÁ, Cabrera Linares JC, Párraga Montilla JA, Martínez Salazar C. Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Program on Anthropomorphic and Cardiometabolic Variables in School Children with Overweight and Obesity. Children. 2023; 10(2):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020317
Chicago/Turabian StyleEspinoza Silva, José Miguel, Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, José Carlos Cabrera Linares, Juan A. Párraga Montilla, and Cristian Martínez Salazar. 2023. "Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Program on Anthropomorphic and Cardiometabolic Variables in School Children with Overweight and Obesity" Children 10, no. 2: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020317