The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- Mice through Modulating Macrophage Functions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatments
2.2. Serum Lipid and Cytokines Analysis
2.3. Oil-Red-O Analysis of Atherosclerotic Lesion
2.4. Flow Cytometry
2.5. Cell Culture and Treatment
2.6. Evaluation of Foam Cell Formation
2.7. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. Transfection of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
2.10. Cholesterol Efflux Assay
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of CAP Activity on Lipid Plaque Formation and Inflammatory Responses
3.2. Effect of CAP Activity on the Abundance of M1 and M2 Macrophages
3.3. Effects of CAP Agonists on M1 Macrophage Polarization
3.4. Effects of CAP Agonists on M2 Macrophage Polarization
3.5. Effects of CAP Activity on Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism
3.6. Effects of CAP Agonists on ox-LDL Induced Macrophage Foam Cell Formation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Gene Primer Name | Sequence (5′-3′) |
---|---|
TNFα-F | GCCTCTTCTCATTCCTGCTT |
TNFα-R | TGGGAACTTCTCATCCCTTTG |
IL-1β-F | TGGCAACTGTTCCTG |
IL-1β-R | GGAAGCAGCCCTTCATCTTT |
IL-6-F | CAAAGCCAGAGTCCTTCAGAG |
IL-6-R | GTCCTTAGCCACTCCTTCTG |
Arg1-F | AAGAATGGAAGAGTCAGTGTGG |
Arg1-R | GGGAGTGTTGATGTCAGTGTG |
IL10-F | AGGCGCTGTCATCGATTT |
IL10-R | CACCTTGGTCTTGGAGCTTAT |
TGFβ-F | CCTGAGTGGCTGTCTTTTGA |
TGFβ-R | CGTGGAGTTTGTTATCTTTGCTG |
Mrc1-F | CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGC |
Mrc1-R | CGGAATTTCTGGGATTCAGCTTC |
Retnla-F | CTGGGTTCTCCACCTCTTCA |
Retnla-R | TGCTGGGATGACTGCTACTG |
TNFAIP3-F | ACAGGACTTTGCTACGACAC |
TNFAIP3-R | CTGAGGATGTTGCTGAGGAC |
CD36-F | GCGACATGATTAATGGCACAG |
CD36-R | GATCCGAACACAGCGTAGATAG |
SRA-F | GGGAACACTCACAGACACTG |
SRA-R | CCCGATCACCTTTAACACCTG |
ACAT1-F | AGCACACTGAACGATGGAG |
ACAT1-R | CGCAAGTGGAAAATCAATGGG |
nCEH-F | CTACGTGTACATCCCACTGC |
nCEH-R | GATGAAATTCAGCGCGATCAG |
ABCA1-F | TGACATGGTACATCGAAGCC |
ABCA1-R | GATTTCTGACACTCCCTTCTGG |
ABCG1-F | CCTTATCAATGGAATGCCCCG |
ABCG1-R | CTGCCTTCATCCTTCTCCTG |
GAPDH-F | AACAGCAACTCCCACTCTTC |
GAPDH-R | CCTGTTGCTGTAGCCGTATT |
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Qian, Z.; Yang, H.; Li, H.; Liu, C.; Yang, L.; Qu, Z.; Li, X. The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- Mice through Modulating Macrophage Functions. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091150
Qian Z, Yang H, Li H, Liu C, Yang L, Qu Z, Li X. The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- Mice through Modulating Macrophage Functions. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091150
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Zhengjiang, Haiyang Yang, Hongchao Li, Chunhua Liu, Liang Yang, Zehui Qu, and Xiang Li. 2021. "The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- Mice through Modulating Macrophage Functions" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091150