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Biomedicines
Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/biomedicines13122930
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Communication

Effect of Mulberry Leaf and Its Active Component, 1-deoxynojirimycin, on Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells

by
Dahae Lee
1,†,
Jiyeon Kim
1,†,
Min Ji Han
2,
Seon Hwa Kim
2,
Tae Hoon Kim
2,
Dae-Woon Eom
3,
Inhyeok Song
4,
Daesik Jeong
4,5,
Noriko Yamabe
4,* and
Ki Hyun Kim
1,*
1
School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
2
Vixxol Corporation, Gunpo 15807, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung 210-711, Republic of Korea
4
Bio DX Group, InSiliCox, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
5
Faculty of SW Convergence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this study.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2930; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122930 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 October 2025 / Revised: 20 November 2025 / Accepted: 26 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)
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Abstract

Objectives: Aqueous mulberry leaf extract (MLE) contains 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and L-leucine (LL). This study investigated the effects of MLE, DNJ, and LL on lipid accumulation caused by palmitic acid (PA) in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and regulation of lipogenesis. Methods: PA was applied to HepG2 cells to generate a fatty liver in vitro model. Then, the cells were treated with MLE, DNJ, or LL for 24 h. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in HepG2 cells. Results: Staining with Oil Red O (ORO) indicated that MLE, DNJ, and LL significantly decreased excessive lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Cytokine ELISA assay indicated that MLE, DNJ, and LL significantly decreased excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in HepG2 cells. In addition, MLE, DNJ, and LL decreased the protein expression levels of PPAR-γ and FAS, suggesting a potential suppression of lipogenesis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MLE, DNJ, and LL reduce lipid accumulation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and the protein expressions of FAS and PPAR-γ in PA-induced fatty liver cells.
Keywords: palmitic acid; 1-deoxynojirimycin; L-leucine; FAS; PPAR-γ; HepG2 palmitic acid; 1-deoxynojirimycin; L-leucine; FAS; PPAR-γ; HepG2
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, D.; Kim, J.; Han, M.J.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, T.H.; Eom, D.-W.; Song, I.; Jeong, D.; Yamabe, N.; Kim, K.H. Effect of Mulberry Leaf and Its Active Component, 1-deoxynojirimycin, on Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 2930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122930

AMA Style

Lee D, Kim J, Han MJ, Kim SH, Kim TH, Eom D-W, Song I, Jeong D, Yamabe N, Kim KH. Effect of Mulberry Leaf and Its Active Component, 1-deoxynojirimycin, on Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(12):2930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122930

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Dahae, Jiyeon Kim, Min Ji Han, Seon Hwa Kim, Tae Hoon Kim, Dae-Woon Eom, Inhyeok Song, Daesik Jeong, Noriko Yamabe, and Ki Hyun Kim. 2025. "Effect of Mulberry Leaf and Its Active Component, 1-deoxynojirimycin, on Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells" Biomedicines 13, no. 12: 2930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122930

APA Style

Lee, D., Kim, J., Han, M. J., Kim, S. H., Kim, T. H., Eom, D.-W., Song, I., Jeong, D., Yamabe, N., & Kim, K. H. (2025). Effect of Mulberry Leaf and Its Active Component, 1-deoxynojirimycin, on Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells. Biomedicines, 13(12), 2930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122930

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