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Volume 12
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Article

Early Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

by
Haona Bao
1,
Kevin V. Hackshaw
2,*,
Silvia de Lamo Castellvi
1,3,
Yalan Wu
1,
Celeste Matos Gonzalez
1,
Shreya Madhav Nuguri
1,
Siyu Yao
1,4,
Chelsea M. Goetzman
5,6,
Zachary D. Schultz
5,
Lianbo Yu
7,
Rija Aziz
8,
Michelle M. Osuna-Diaz
8,
Katherine R. Sebastian
8,
Monica M. Giusti
1 and
Luis Rodriguez-Saona
1
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
3
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
4
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
5
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
6
Savannah River National Laboratory, Jackson, SC 29831, USA
7
Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
8
Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010133
Submission received: 21 December 2023 / Revised: 28 December 2023 / Accepted: 4 January 2024 / Published: 9 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropathic Pain: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches)
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Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic muscle pain disorder that shares several clinical features with other related rheumatologic disorders. This study investigates the feasibility of using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a fingerprinting approach to diagnose FM and other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), osteoarthritis (OA), and chronic low back pain (CLBP). Blood samples were obtained on protein saver cards from FM (n = 83), non-FM (n = 54), and healthy (NC, n = 9) subjects. A semi-permeable membrane filtration method was used to obtain low-molecular-weight fraction (LMF) serum of the blood samples. SERS measurement conditions were standardized to enhance the LMF signal. An OPLS-DA algorithm created using the spectral region 750 to 1720 cm−1 enabled the classification of the spectra into their corresponding FM and non-FM classes (Rcv > 0.99) with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The OPLS-DA regression plot indicated that spectral regions associated with amino acids were responsible for discrimination patterns and can be potentially used as spectral biomarkers to differentiate FM and other rheumatic diseases. This exploratory work suggests that the AuNP SERS method in combination with OPLS-DA analysis has great potential for the label-free diagnosis of FM.
Keywords: fibromyalgia; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; central sensitization syndrome; metabolic fingerprinting; in-clinic disease diagnostics; chemometrics; blood fibromyalgia; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; central sensitization syndrome; metabolic fingerprinting; in-clinic disease diagnostics; chemometrics; blood

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bao, H.; Hackshaw, K.V.; Castellvi, S.d.L.; Wu, Y.; Gonzalez, C.M.; Nuguri, S.M.; Yao, S.; Goetzman, C.M.; Schultz, Z.D.; Yu, L.; et al. Early Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010133

AMA Style

Bao H, Hackshaw KV, Castellvi SdL, Wu Y, Gonzalez CM, Nuguri SM, Yao S, Goetzman CM, Schultz ZD, Yu L, et al. Early Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(1):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010133

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bao, Haona, Kevin V. Hackshaw, Silvia de Lamo Castellvi, Yalan Wu, Celeste Matos Gonzalez, Shreya Madhav Nuguri, Siyu Yao, Chelsea M. Goetzman, Zachary D. Schultz, Lianbo Yu, and et al. 2024. "Early Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics" Biomedicines 12, no. 1: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010133

APA Style

Bao, H., Hackshaw, K. V., Castellvi, S. d. L., Wu, Y., Gonzalez, C. M., Nuguri, S. M., Yao, S., Goetzman, C. M., Schultz, Z. D., Yu, L., Aziz, R., Osuna-Diaz, M. M., Sebastian, K. R., Giusti, M. M., & Rodriguez-Saona, L. (2024). Early Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics. Biomedicines, 12(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010133

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