Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Strategy and Study Selection
3. Sarcopenia in NAFLD and Metabolic Associated Comorbidities
3.1. Prevalence of Sarcopenia in NAFLD and Associated Factors
3.2. Pathogenic Mechanisms of NAFLD-Related Sarcopenia
4. Sarcopenia in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
4.1. Prevalence of Sarcopenia in ALD and Associated Factors
4.2. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Alcohol-Related Sarcopenia
5. Sarcopenia in Chronic Viral Hepatitis
5.1. Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Viral Hepatitis
5.2. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Viral Infections-Related Sarcopenia
6. Role of Myosteatosis in Chronic Liver Diseases
7. Potential Therapeutic Approaches to Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Diseases: From Current Therapies to Novel Molecular Targets
7.1. Current Therapeutic Options
7.2. Future Directions in the Management of Sarcopenia
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALD | alcohol-related liver disease |
AIH | autoimmune hepatitis |
AKT | protein kinase B |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
ATG7 | Autophagy related protein 7 |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
AWGS | Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia |
BCAAs | branched-chain amino acids |
BIA | Bioelectrical impedance analysis |
BMI | body mass index |
CHB | hepatitis B |
CHC | hepatitis C |
CLD | chronic liver diseases |
CT | computed tomography |
CV | cardiovascular |
CYP2E1 | cytochrome P450 2E1 |
DAAs | direct-antiviral agents |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
DXA | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EWGSOP | European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People |
FDA | food and drugs administration |
FFAs | free fatty acids |
FNDC5 | fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 |
FOXO1 | forkhead box 01 |
GH | growth hormone |
GLUT4 | glucose transporter type 4 |
HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
HIS | hepatic steatosis index |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
HMB | Beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate |
HSCs | hepatic stellate cells |
ICD-10 | International Classification of Disease |
IR | insulin-resistance |
IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor-1 |
IL1 | interleukin 1 |
IL6 | Interleukin 6 |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
MEOS | microsomal ethanol oxidizing system |
MetS | metabolic syndrome |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
MRS | magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
mTORC1 | mTOR complex |
NAC | N-acetyl cysteine |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
NFkB | nuclear factor-kB |
PPAR-α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α |
PUFAs | polyunsaturated fatty acid |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SARM | Selective androgen receptors modulators |
SMI | skeletal muscle index |
hSMI | SMM adjusted by height squared |
wSMI | SMM adjusted by weight |
SMM | skeletal muscle mass |
SREBP-1c | sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c |
STAT6 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 |
TGFβ | transforming growth factor beta |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
T2DM | type 2 diabetes |
UPS | ubiquitin-proteasome system |
VDR | vitamin D receptor |
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Cespiati, A.; Meroni, M.; Lombardi, R.; Oberti, G.; Dongiovanni, P.; Fracanzani, A.L. Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010182
Cespiati A, Meroni M, Lombardi R, Oberti G, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL. Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(1):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010182
Chicago/Turabian StyleCespiati, Annalisa, Marica Meroni, Rosa Lombardi, Giovanna Oberti, Paola Dongiovanni, and Anna Ludovica Fracanzani. 2022. "Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies" Biomedicines 10, no. 1: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010182
APA StyleCespiati, A., Meroni, M., Lombardi, R., Oberti, G., Dongiovanni, P., & Fracanzani, A. L. (2022). Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 10(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010182