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Chemosensors
Volume 9
Issue 11
10.3390/chemosensors9110310
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Communication

“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)

by
Maria Pitsou
1,
Christos Kokkinos
1,
Anastasios Economou
1,*,
Peter R. Fielden
2,
Sara J. Baldock
2 and
Nickolas J. Goddard
3
1
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
2
Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
3
Process Instruments (UK) Ltd., March Street, Burnley BB12 0BT, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemosensors 2021, 9(11), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110310
Submission received: 7 October 2021 / Revised: 26 October 2021 / Accepted: 1 November 2021 / Published: 3 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for the Determination of Persistent and Emerging Contaminants)
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Abstract

This work reports the fabrication of a new environmentally friendly three-electrode electrochemical sensor suitable for on-site voltammetric determination of two toxic emerging ‘technology-critical elements’ (TCEs), namely indium and thallium. The sensor is fully fabricated by injection-moulding and features three conductive polymer electrodes encased in a plastic holder; the reference electrode is further coated with AgCl or AgBr. The sensor is applied to the determination of trace In(III) and Tl(I) by anodic stripping voltammetry using a portable electrochemical set-up featuring a miniature smartphone-based potentiostat and a vibrating device for agitation. For the analysis, the sample containing the target metal ions is spiked with Bi(III) and a bismuth film is electroplated in situ forming an alloy with the accumulated target metals on the working electrode of the sensor; the metals are stripped off by applying a square-wave anodic voltametric scan. Potential interferences in the determination of In(III) and Tl(I) were alleviated by judicious selection of the solution chemistry. Limits of quantification for the target ions were in the low μg L−1 range and the sensors were applied to the analysis of lake water samples spiked with In(III) and Tl(I) with recoveries in the range of 95–103%.
Keywords: indium; thallium; anodic stripping voltammetry; injection-moulding; conductive electrodes indium; thallium; anodic stripping voltammetry; injection-moulding; conductive electrodes
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pitsou, M.; Kokkinos, C.; Economou, A.; Fielden, P.R.; Baldock, S.J.; Goddard, N.J. “Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I). Chemosensors 2021, 9, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110310

AMA Style

Pitsou M, Kokkinos C, Economou A, Fielden PR, Baldock SJ, Goddard NJ. “Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I). Chemosensors. 2021; 9(11):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110310

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pitsou, Maria, Christos Kokkinos, Anastasios Economou, Peter R. Fielden, Sara J. Baldock, and Nickolas J. Goddard. 2021. "“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)" Chemosensors 9, no. 11: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110310

APA Style

Pitsou, M., Kokkinos, C., Economou, A., Fielden, P. R., Baldock, S. J., & Goddard, N. J. (2021). “Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I). Chemosensors, 9(11), 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110310

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