Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Instrumentation
2.4. Analytical Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the MWCNTs
3.2. The Voltammetric Fingerprint of Clove Bud
3.3. Multivariate Analysis of Voltammetric Data
3.3.1. Clove Bud Geographical Origin Authentication
3.3.2. Discrimination of Clove Buds from Adulterants
3.3.3. Clove Bud Adulteration with Clove Stem and Soil
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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| X Total Variance | Y Total Variance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calibration | Validation | Calibration | Validation | |
| Factor-1 | 77.10 | 73.55 | 24.19 | 12.60 |
| Factor-2 | 89.22 | 84.96 | 86.03 | 81.22 |
| Factor-3 | 98.22 | 96.79 | 91.46 | 87.68 |
| Factor-4 | 98.84 | 97.88 | 92.78 | 78.32 |
| Factor-5 | 99.05 | 98.34 | 95.72 | 74.00 |
| Factor-6 | 99.51 | 98.64 | 96.82 | 77.87 |
| Factor-7 | 99.75 | 99.28 | 97.90 | 81.75 |
| PLSR | Slope | Offset | Correlation | R2 | RMSE | Bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clove bud adulteration with clove stem | |||||||
| Before pre-processing | C * | 0.944 | 0.0244 | 0.971 | 0.944 | 0.0734 | 1∙10−4 |
| V * | 0.937 | 0.0270 | 0.963 | 0.929 | 0.0830 | 1.215∙10−4 | |
| After pre-processing | C * | 0.963 | 0.0158 | 0.982 | 0.963 | 0.0591 | 1∙10−4 |
| V * | 0.9504 | 0.0145 | 0.962 | 0.925 | 0.0849 | 6.947∙10−3 | |
| Clove bud adulteration with soil | |||||||
| Before pre-processing | C * | 0.966 | 0.0146 | 0.983 | 0.966 | 0.0568 | 1∙10−4 |
| V * | 0.954 | 0.0240 | 0.977 | 0.956 | 0.0664 | 3.855∙10−3 | |
| After pre-processing | C * | 0.976 | 0.0104 | 0.988 | 0.976 | 0.0479 | 1∙10−4 |
| V * | 0.971 | 0.0134 | 0.982 | 0.965 | 0.0582 | 7.669∙10−4 | |
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Nikma, S.H.; Putra, B.R.; Rafi, M.; Rohaeti, E.; Khalil, M.; Wahyuni, W.T. Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection. Chemosensors 2026, 14, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040080
Nikma SH, Putra BR, Rafi M, Rohaeti E, Khalil M, Wahyuni WT. Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection. Chemosensors. 2026; 14(4):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040080
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikma, Shelly Hafira, Budi Riza Putra, Mohamad Rafi, Eti Rohaeti, Munawar Khalil, and Wulan Tri Wahyuni. 2026. "Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection" Chemosensors 14, no. 4: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040080
APA StyleNikma, S. H., Putra, B. R., Rafi, M., Rohaeti, E., Khalil, M., & Wahyuni, W. T. (2026). Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection. Chemosensors, 14(4), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040080

