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Article

A Metal Organic Framework-Based Light Scattering ELISA for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

by
Kai Mao
1,†,
Lili Tian
1,†,
Yujie Luo
1,
Qian Li
2,
Xi Chen
1,
Lei Zhan
2,
Yuanfang Li
1,
Chengzhi Huang
2 and
Shujun Zhen
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2
Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080453
Submission received: 25 June 2023 / Revised: 8 August 2023 / Accepted: 10 August 2023 / Published: 13 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoprobes for Biosensing and Bioimaging)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most commonly used method for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), the main protein toxin causing staphylococcal food poisoning. However, the traditional ELISA reaction needs to be stopped by sulfuric acid to obtain stable colorimetric signal, and it is easily influenced by a colored sample. In order to address this problem, a new ELISA method using zeolite imidazolate skeleton-8 metal-organic framework (ZIF-8 MOF) as a light scattering (LS) reporter for SEB detection was developed in this work. ZIF-8 MOF has the characteristics of high porosity, large specific surface area, clear pore structure, and adjustable size, which is one of the most representative MOFs constructed from Zn2+ and 2-methylimidazole (2-mIM). The 2-mIM ligand of ZIF-8 exhibited antioxidant activity and can strongly react with H2O2, which could destroy the structure of ZIF-8, resulting in the obvious decrease in LS intensity. We combined this specific reaction with the sandwich immune reaction to construct the LS ELISA method for the successful detection of SEB. This method is more reliable than commercial tests kits for the detection of colored samples, and it is simple, sensitive, and selective, and has great potential in the detection of other toxins by simply changing the corresponding recognition units.

1. Introduction

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the main protein toxins causing staphylococcal food poisoning [1]. It is resistant to high temperature, acid, and alkali, and easy to formulate as an aerosol. It has been not only linked to food poisoning but also classified as a potential Class B biological warfare agent by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Therefore, it is highly important to develop sensitive method to detect SEB. The traditional SEB detection methods include chromatography [2], mass spectrometry [3,4], spectral method [5], electrochemical method [6], Raman spectroscopy [7], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [8], and so on. At present, the detection limit of SEB reported in the literature has been as low as 4.29 fg/mL [9]. Among these methods, ELISA has attracted a lot of attention because of its high sensitivity, throughput, and specificity. Generally, the ELISA method for SEB detection depends on the double-antibody sandwich system and the colorimetric signal is produced by the specific reaction between 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and H2O2 catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) that is labelled to the secondary antibody. Although this reaction is highly efficient, it needs to be stopped by sulfuric acid, which is highly corrosive. In addition, the signal of colorimetric ELISA is easily influenced by a colored sample. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new ELISA method for the detection of SEB.
Light scattering (LS) signal [10,11,12], which can be easily detected using a spectrofluorometer, has been widely used for biosensing [13,14,15,16,17,18] and chemosensing [19,20]. According to the Rayleigh scattering principle [21,22], the LS intensity of a nanoparticle strongly depends on its size [23,24]. The larger the particle size, the stronger the LS intensity. Thus, the significant differences in LS between the larger and smaller nanoparticles could be applied for analytical purposes. Furthermore, the colored molecules in samples does not influence the LS intensity of nanoparticles with large sizes [25]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the coupling of the LS technique with ELISA for the detection of biotoxins.
As a kind of special porous material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the characteristics of high porosity, large specific surface area, clear pore structure, and adjustable size [26,27]. Zeolite imidazolate skeleton-8 (ZIF-8) is one of the most representative MOFs, which is constructed from Zn2+ and 2-methylimidazole (2-mIM) [28,29]. According to the previous reports, the 2-mIM ligand of ZIF-8 exhibited antioxidant activity and can react with H2O2 strongly, which will destroy the structure of ZIF-8 [30,31]. ZIF-8 itself has a high LS intensity because of its large size [32,33]. After the reaction with H2O2, the LS signal of ZIF-8 will decrease significantly. Thus, ZIF-8 is expected to be used as a novel LS reporter for analysis and detection. Furthermore, ZIF-8 has several outstanding characteristics. Firstly, the synthesis of ZIF-8 is simple and cost-effective. Secondly, the size of ZIF-8 is tunable by adjusting its synthesis conditions. Thirdly, ZIF-8 has large surface area and numerous reaction sites.
Inspired by above reports, we developed a new ELISA method for SEB detection using ZIF-8 as a LS reporter in this work. Quantitative detection of SEB can be achieved by the significantly changed LS intensity of ZIF-8. This method does not need a strong acid to stop the reaction and is not influenced by a colored sample, and it has been successfully applied for the SEB detection in complex sample, showing great potential in food safety testing.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Apparatus

The 2-methylimidazole (2-mIM) was obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) was purchased from Chengdu Chron Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ethanol were purchased from Chuandong Chemical Group Co. Ltd. (Chongqing, China). The staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) were obtained from Pumai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The SEB test kits were obtained from Nanjing Herb Source Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Glycine, ochratoxin A (OTA), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and hemoglobin (HGB) were purchased from Subosen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China), and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The orange juice (Nongfu spring), skim milk powder (anchor), and fresh milk (Tianyou) were purchased from the YongHui supermarket (Chongqing, China). The sample dilution buffer (0.1 mol/L PBS, pH 7.4, 0.1% Tx-100) was prepared in the laboratory. Millipore Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ) was used in all experiments. All the other chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
The light scattering signals were measured with an F-2500 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan) by simultaneously scanning the excitation and emission monochromator of the spectrofluorometer with same starting excitation and emission wavelength (namely, λem = λex). Vacuum drying oven (DZF-6020, Keelrein, Shanghai, China) was used to dry ZIF-8. The scanning electron microscope (S-4800, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was utilized to measure the morphology of ZIF-8. Dark field microscopy imaging was obtained using a BX51 light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a dark field condenser (U-DCW, Olympus, Japan). The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer Prestige-21 (FTIR, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to test the infrared spectra of materials. X-ray diffractometer D8 ADVANCE (Brock, Germany) was used to test powder X-ray diffraction patterns of samples in a scanning range of 5–50 θ at a scanning speed of 1.5 °/min.

2.2. Synthesis of ZIF-8

The synthesis method of ZIF-8 was according to the reported literature with little modification [34]. First, 1.32 mol/L 2-mIM and 24 mmol/L Zn(NO3)2·6H2O were prepared using water as solvent using ultrasonic dissolution for 10 min. Next, 500 μL of 1.32 mol/L 2-mIM was added to the glass sample bottle and pre-stirred for 30 s, and then, 500 μL of 24 mmol/L Zn(NO3)2·6H2O was added. After being stirred for 5 min, the mixture was kept stagnant for 1 h. After washing twice with ethanol, the as-prepared ZIF-8 was stored at 4 °C for further use.

2.3. Dark Field Light Scattering Imaging of the Reaction between ZIF-8 and H2O2

The reaction process of ZIF-8 and H2O2 was monitored using a dark field light scattering microscope. The cationic slides were rinsed with ultrapure water and dried with nitrogen. Then, 100 μL of 50 μg/mL ZIF-8 ethanol solution was added to the surface of the cationic glass slide and was allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 min to facilitate ZIF-8 deposition on the surface of the cationic glass slide. The excess solution on the surface of the slides was then rinsed with ultrapure water and blow-dried with nitrogen. In order to monitor the reaction between ZIF-8 and H2O2 in real-time, 200 μL ethanol solution was added between the slides and cover slides to obtain the original dark field image of ZIF-8. Next, ethanol solution was removed and 200 μL of 3% H2O2 solution was added. Then, dark field microscopic images of the reaction process between ZIF-8 and H2O2 were collected.

2.4. Detection of SEB

The light scattering ELISA method was developed based on the ELISA tests kits. A 50 μL volume of different concentrations of SEB were added to the 96-well plate pre-modified with Ab1 of SEB. Then, 100 μL of HPR-Ab2 was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Each well of the 96-well plate was washed with 350 μL washing buffer five times to remove the uncombined SEB and HRP-Ab. The above steps were consistent with the operation of the ELISA test kits. Then, 100 μL of 6% H2O2 was added to each well and incubated for 15 min in a 37 °C incubator. The residual 100 μL H2O2 of the reaction was transferred to the pre-ultrasonicated, dispersed 100 μL of 100 μg/mL ZIF-8 solution and reacted at room temperature. Finally, the LS spectrum was obtained using F-2500.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Principle of the SEB Detection

The SEB detection principle is shown in Figure 1. Firstly, ZIF-8 was synthesized using 2-mIM as the ligand and Zn2+ as the central ion. As the ligand 2-mIM could be oxidized by H2O2, the structure of ZIF-8 could be destroyed by H2O2, and the LS intensity was reduced. Subsequently, we combined this reaction with SEB antibody immune sandwich assay to construct a new SEB detection method. When SEB was added, an Ab1/SEB/Ab2-HRP sandwich immune structure formed in the 96-well plate. After the addition of H2O2 into the 96-well plate, the H2O2 was consumed by the HRP on Ab2. Then, the residual H2O2 after the reaction was transferred to the ZIF-8 solution. Since H2O2 was consumed by HRP, the oxidation ability of H2O2 toward 2-mIM was weak. And ZIF-8 maintained an intact structure, showing high LS intensity. When there was no SEB in the system, the sandwich immune structure cannot be formed, and the added H2O2 will not be consumed by HRP. In this situation, the amount of H2O2 was large, and the oxidation capacity of H2O2 toward 2-mIM was strong, leading to the damage of the structure of ZIF-8 and resulting in the decreased LS intensity. Thus, quantitative detection of SEB can be achieved by the obviously changed LS intensity of ZIF-8 before and after adding SEB.

3.2. Characterization of ZIF-8 and Its Reaction with H2O2

The as-prepared ZIF-8 was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. In the absorption FTIR spectra of ZIF-8, peaks at 3138 cm−1 and 2933 cm−1 belong to the stretching vibration of C−H in methyl and imidazole rings, respectively (Figure 2A). The XRD studies (Figure 2B) showed that ZIF-8 had multiple diffraction peaks, mainly consisting of 2θ = 7.3°, 10.2°, 12.5°, 14.5°, 16.2°, 17.8°, 21.8°, etc. The above angles corresponded to planes (011), (002), (112), (022), (013), (222), and (114), respectively, with the sharpest peak at 2θ = 7.3 °, indicating that the synthesized ZIF-8 has a higher crystallinity. These results confirmed that the ZIF-8 with a higher crystallinity was synthesized successfully.
Subsequently, we measured the LS spectra of ZIF-8 before and after the addition of H2O2 with different concentrations (Figure S1), and with the increase in the concentration of H2O2, the LS intensity of ZIF-8 showing an obvious downward trend was observed. Because H2O2 could destroy the structure of ZIF-8, so the LS intensity decreased significantly.
The morphology of ZIF-8 before and after the reaction with different concentrations of H2O2 was further characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As shown in Figure 2, ZIF-8 presented a regular dodecahedron structure (Figure 3A). After the reaction with 0.1% H2O2, the regular morphology of ZIF-8 was destroyed (Figure 3B). With the increase in H2O2 concentration, the degree of destruction of ZIF-8 also increased (Figure 3C,D). These results directly confirmed that H2O2 can destroy the structure of ZIF-8.
We also investigated the dark field microscopic (DFM) images of ZIF-8 before and after the reaction with H2O2. As shown in Figure 4A, the DFM image of ZIF-8 showed an obvious doughnut-shaped image, and the LS intensity at the edge of the DFM image of ZIF-8 was very strong. However, after the reaction with 30% H2O2, the doughnut-shaped image changed into the solid scattering light spot, and the LS intensity decreased significantly (Figure 4B). Then, in situ DFM imaging was conducted for real-time monitoring of the reaction between ZIF-8 and H2O2. As shown in Figure 4C, with the addition of H2O2, the size and intensity of dark field scattering spots of ZIF-8 gradually decreased with the extension of incubation time. These results further proved that H2O2 could destroy ZIF-8, resulting in the reduction of the LS intensity of ZIF-8.

3.3. LS Spectral Characteristics of ZIF-8 for SEB Detection

To investigate whether the proposed method could be applied for the detection of SEB, the LS spectral characteristics of ZIF-8 before and after the addition of SEB was measured. As shown in Figure 5A, in the presence of SEB, the LS intensity of ZIF-8 was significantly higher than that of the control group before adding SEB. The Ab1/SEB/Ab2-HRP sandwich immune complex structure was formed in the 96-well plate after the addition of SEB. Although HRP can react with H2O2 to produce OH·, only the remaining H2O2 can react with ZIF-8 because of the short life of OH· [35]. Compared with the system without SEB, the H2O2 content decreased and the oxidation capacity of ZIF-8 ligand 2-mIM decreased with the addition of SEB, so ZIF-8 maintained higher scattering intensity. Therefore, SEB could be detected by the significantly enhanced LS intensity at 378 nm (Figure 5B).

3.4. Optimization of the SEB Detection Conditions

In order to obtain excellent analytical performance, some important experimental conditions were optimized. We first optimized the reaction time of ZIF-8 with H2O2. As shown in Figure 6A, when the reaction time was 70 min, the light scattering signal difference (ΔI), which was calculated by subtracting the scattering intensity of ZIF-8 before adding SEB from that after the addition of SEB, reached the maximum. Thus, 70 min was selected as the best reaction time. Subsequently, we optimized the concentration of H2O2. As shown in Figure 6B, when H2O2 concentration was 3%, ΔI was the largest, and 3% H2O2 was selected as the best reaction condition. Finally, we optimized the concentration of ZIF-8. The low concentration of ZIF-8 will result in low LS intensity and small signal changes. However, high concentrations of ZIF-8 can also affect the detection sensitivity. As shown in Figure 6C, when ZIF-8 concentration was 10–50 μg/mL, ΔI showed an upward trend. When ZIF-8 concentration was 50–90 μg/mL, ΔI showed a downward trend. Therefore, 50 μg/mL was finally selected as the optimal concentration of ZIF-8.

3.5. Analytical Performance of SEB Detection

Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensitivity of the method was investigated. As shown in Figure 7, the LS intensity variation and SEB concentration showed a good linear relationship within the range of 7–500 ng/mL. The linear regression equation was ΔI = 2.982 cSEB + 33.575 (R2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection (LOD, 3 σ/k) was 0.69 ng/mL. This method is more sensitive to the response of SEB, as shown in Table 1. The detection limit of this method is still comparable to some reported methods.
Then, we examined the selectivity of this platform for the detection of SEB. Under the same experimental conditions, we compared the response signals of this method to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), hemoglobin (HGB), ochratoxin A (OTA), staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and SEB. As shown in Figure 8A, the LS intensity difference produced by SEA, AFB1, OTA, BSA, HGB, and CEA was very low, and only the presence of SEB could lead to an obvious value of ΔI. These experimental results illustrated that this method had a good selectivity for the detection of SEB.
Since various potential substances in actual samples may affect the detection results, we investigated the influence of HCO3−, I−, K+, Na+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, glucose, sucrose, Congo Red, and other substances on SEB detection. The concentrations of interferences (2500 ng/mL) were 10 times than that of SEB (250 ng/mL). The experimental results are shown in Figure 8B. The potential interfering substances had no significant influence on the detection of SEB.
In addition, we focus on exploring the influence of colored samples on colorimetric materials. As shown in the Figure S1, we washed the 96-well plate for 0 to 5 times, and then tested the SEB using both SEB ELISA test kits and light scattering ELISA. Under the linear range, the concentration of SEB used by the SEB ELISA test kits is 5 pg/mL, the concentration of Congo Red is 50 pg/mL, the concentration of SEB used by the light scattering ELISA is 250 ng/mL, and the concentration of Congo Red is 2500 ng/mL. After several plate washing operations, the detection results obtained using the SEB ELISA detection kits were all higher than the actual concentration (Figure S2A); The detection results obtained by the light scattering ELISA method after the fourth plate washing operation were consistent with the actual concentration (Figure S2B). Therefore, light scattering ELISA has greater advantages in the detection of colored samples.

3.6. SEB Detection in Complex Samples

We carried out the standard recovery experiment of SEB in orange juice, fresh milk, and skim milk powder to test whether this method could be applied in the real sample detection. Firstly, three different concentrations of SEB were added to the orange juice and detected by our method. The accuracy of this method for SEB detection was evaluated by Recovery. As shown in Table 2, the spiked recoveries of SEB in orange juice were 91.9–106.2%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 2.10–8.21%, indicating that this method could be used for the detection of SEB in orange juice. Furthermore, the concentrations of SEB in fresh milk and skim milk powder were tested. Dissolve 200 mg skim milk powder in 1 mL sample diluent as its initial concentration. The recovery of SEB detection in fresh milk was 92.0–109.6% with RSD of 0.16–9.25%, and in skim milk powder, it was 90.2–107.0% with RSD of 1.45–6.85%. These results indicated that this method has good accuracy in the detection of SEB in different food substrates.

3.7. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) Detection

Finally, in order to investigate the universality of this method, we applied it for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) by changing the corresponding recognition units. Quantitative detection of SEA can be achieved by the obviously changed LS intensity of ZIF-8 before and after adding SEA. As can be seen from Figure 9A, ΔI gradually increases with the increase in concentration of SEA. The experimental results showed that there was a linear relationship between the ΔI with the concentration of SEA at the range of 30 ng/mL–70 ng/mL. The linear equation was ΔI = 29.042 cSEA − 442.509 (R2 = 0.991), and the limit of detection (LOD, 3 σ/k) was 1.58 ng/mL.
Then, the selectivity of the method was tested by comparing the signal generated by SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and hemoglobin (HGB) at the same concentration. It was found that only SEA induced a high ΔI value (Figure 9B), indicating that the method could be used for the specific detection of SEA. These results confirmed that this method is universal.

4. Conclusions

ZIF-8 MOF was synthesized and employed as a new LS reporter of the ELISA for the detection of SEB based on the unique reaction of ZIF-8 MOF and H2O2. This developed LS ELISA method has several advantages. Firstly, the synthesis of ZIF-8 is easy. Secondly, the structure of the synthesized ZIF-8 was uniform, and its LS signal was strong and stable. Thirdly, compared with commercial SEB ELISA test kits, light scattering ELISA shows more reliable properties for the detection of colored samples, and the operation steps can be further simplified. Furthermore, this method does not need strong acid to stop the reaction, and the experimental operation is safer. Therefore, this method has been successfully applied for the direct detection of SEB in complex food samples. We believe this method could be extended to the detection of other biotoxins by changing the corresponding antibodies.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/chemosensors11080453/s1, Figure S1: The reaction between ZIF-8 and H2O2. (A) The LS spectrum of ZIF-8 before and after the reaction with H2O2. (B) The LS intensity of ZIF-8 before and after the reaction with H2O2. Experimental conditions: the concentration of H2O2 in A and B was 0.1%, 3%, 30%; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates. Figure S2: SEB ELISA test kits test results (A). The concentration of SEB is 5 pg/mL, the concentration of Congo Red is 50 pg/mL. and the light scattering ELISA test results (B). The concentration of SEB is 250 ng/mL, and the concentration of Congo Red is 2500 ng/mL. Among them, 0 to 5 represent the number of times the board is washed; The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.

Author Contributions

Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, K.M.; Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing, L.T.; Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing, Y.L. (Yujie Luo); Validation, Data curation and Formal analysis, Q.L.; Validation, Data curation and Formal analysis, X.C.; Writing—review and editing, L.Z., Y.L. (Yuanfang Li), C.H. and S.Z.; Methodology, Funding Acquisition, Supervision, S.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21974109), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1662), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK2019TY003).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University) for supporting this research and providing the appropriate research environment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of ZIF-8 and the reaction between H2O2 and ZIF-8. (B) Schematic illustration of SEB detection.
Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of ZIF-8 and the reaction between H2O2 and ZIF-8. (B) Schematic illustration of SEB detection.
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Figure 2. Characterization of ZIF-8. (A) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR); (B) X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Figure 2. Characterization of ZIF-8. (A) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR); (B) X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Figure 3. The SEM image of ZIF-8 before (A) and after the reaction with 0.1% H2O2 (B), 3% H2O2 (C), and 30% H2O2 (D). Experimental conditions: concentration of ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; reaction time, 70 min.
Figure 3. The SEM image of ZIF-8 before (A) and after the reaction with 0.1% H2O2 (B), 3% H2O2 (C), and 30% H2O2 (D). Experimental conditions: concentration of ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; reaction time, 70 min.
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Figure 4. The dark field characterization of ZIF-8 reaction with H2O2. (A) The dark field characterization of ZIF-8. (B) The dark field characterization of ZIF-8 reaction with 30% H2O2. Experimental conditions: the concentration of ZIF-8 in A and B was 50 μg/mL; and the reaction time between ZIF-8 and 30% H2O2 was 70 min. The scale bar was 20 μm. (C) Real-time monitoring of the dark field light scattering image of the ZIF-8 and H2O2 reaction processes. Experimental conditions: the concentration of H2O2 was 3%. The scale bar was 1 μm.
Figure 4. The dark field characterization of ZIF-8 reaction with H2O2. (A) The dark field characterization of ZIF-8. (B) The dark field characterization of ZIF-8 reaction with 30% H2O2. Experimental conditions: the concentration of ZIF-8 in A and B was 50 μg/mL; and the reaction time between ZIF-8 and 30% H2O2 was 70 min. The scale bar was 20 μm. (C) Real-time monitoring of the dark field light scattering image of the ZIF-8 and H2O2 reaction processes. Experimental conditions: the concentration of H2O2 was 3%. The scale bar was 1 μm.
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Figure 5. LS spectrum (A) and intensity at 378 nm (B) of ZIF-8 before and after the addition of SEB. Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB in A and B was 1000 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
Figure 5. LS spectrum (A) and intensity at 378 nm (B) of ZIF-8 before and after the addition of SEB. Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB in A and B was 1000 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
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Figure 6. Optimization of the SEB detection conditions (A). The effect of the reaction time with ZIF-8 and H2O2 (B). The effect of the concentrations of H2O2 (C). The effect of the concentration of ZIF-8. Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB in (A–C) was 250 ng/mL. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
Figure 6. Optimization of the SEB detection conditions (A). The effect of the reaction time with ZIF-8 and H2O2 (B). The effect of the concentrations of H2O2 (C). The effect of the concentration of ZIF-8. Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB in (A–C) was 250 ng/mL. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
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Figure 7. Linearity of SEB detection. The inset is the linear relationship between ΔI and SEB concentration (7 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL). Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB was from 7 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates. The black line represents that ΔI increases with the increase of SEB concentration until reaching the plateau period. The black line represents the linear range.
Figure 7. Linearity of SEB detection. The inset is the linear relationship between ΔI and SEB concentration (7 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL). Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB was from 7 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates. The black line represents that ΔI increases with the increase of SEB concentration until reaching the plateau period. The black line represents the linear range.
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Figure 8. Selectivity of the proposed strategy (A). The concentration of SEB, SEA, AFB1, OTA, BSA, HGB, and CEA were 250 ng/mL; The effect of various interfering substances on the detection of SEB (B). The concentrations of SEB was 250 ng/mL and other substances were 2500 ng/Ml. Experimental conditions: reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
Figure 8. Selectivity of the proposed strategy (A). The concentration of SEB, SEA, AFB1, OTA, BSA, HGB, and CEA were 250 ng/mL; The effect of various interfering substances on the detection of SEB (B). The concentrations of SEB was 250 ng/mL and other substances were 2500 ng/Ml. Experimental conditions: reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
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Figure 9. Linearity of SEA detection (A). The inset is the linear relationship between ΔI and SEA concentration (30 ng/mL to 70 ng/mL). Selectivity of the proposed strategy (B). Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB was from 30 ng/mL to 70 ng/mL; the concentration of SEB, AFB1, BSA, and HGB were 50 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
Figure 9. Linearity of SEA detection (A). The inset is the linear relationship between ΔI and SEA concentration (30 ng/mL to 70 ng/mL). Selectivity of the proposed strategy (B). Experimental conditions: the concentration of SEB was from 30 ng/mL to 70 ng/mL; the concentration of SEB, AFB1, BSA, and HGB were 50 ng/mL; reaction time, 70 min; ZIF-8, 50 μg/mL; H2O2, 3%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicates.
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Table 1. Current advances in selective detection of SEB with different test methods.
Table 1. Current advances in selective detection of SEB with different test methods.
Test MethodsLODRef.
Spectral method0.5 ng/mL[5]
SERS-lateral flow immunoassay0.05 ng/mL[36]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay0.38 ng/mL[37]
Raman spectroscopy and chemometric methods0.2 ng/L[38]
Light scattering ELISA0.69 ng/mLThis work
Table 2. Recovery tests of SEB detection in food matrices.
Table 2. Recovery tests of SEB detection in food matrices.
SampleAdded
(ng/mL)		Found (ng/mL)
Mean a ± SD b		Recovery
(%, n = 3)		RSD
(%, n = 3)
400403.5 ± 8.4698.9–103.28.21
Orange juice250251.3 ± 12.396.9–106.24.91
6060.9 ± 5.091.9–106.52.10
400397.2 ± 36.7392.0–109.69.25
Fresh milk250250.5 ± 16.6193.4–106.76.63
6060.3 ± 0.9798.6–101.40.16
400369.0 ± 12.2490.2–95.83.32
Milk powder250257.0 ± 3.73101.5–104.41.45
6059.5 ± 4.0894.7–107.06.85
a The mean of three determinations. b SD The standard deviation.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Mao, K.; Tian, L.; Luo, Y.; Li, Q.; Chen, X.; Zhan, L.; Li, Y.; Huang, C.; Zhen, S. A Metal Organic Framework-Based Light Scattering ELISA for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080453

AMA Style

Mao K, Tian L, Luo Y, Li Q, Chen X, Zhan L, Li Y, Huang C, Zhen S. A Metal Organic Framework-Based Light Scattering ELISA for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Chemosensors. 2023; 11(8):453. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080453

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mao, Kai, Lili Tian, Yujie Luo, Qian Li, Xi Chen, Lei Zhan, Yuanfang Li, Chengzhi Huang, and Shujun Zhen. 2023. "A Metal Organic Framework-Based Light Scattering ELISA for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B" Chemosensors 11, no. 8: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080453

APA Style

Mao, K., Tian, L., Luo, Y., Li, Q., Chen, X., Zhan, L., Li, Y., Huang, C., & Zhen, S. (2023). A Metal Organic Framework-Based Light Scattering ELISA for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Chemosensors, 11(8), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080453

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