The Novel Three-Layer Electrode Based on Poly(Neutral Red) for Potentiometric Determination of Citrates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Electrode Systems
2.3. Spectroscopic Characterization
2.4. Potentiometric Properties of Multilayer Polymer Electrodes
2.4.1. Calibration, Selectivity, and Stability
2.4.2. Real-World Sample Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Polymerized Multilayer Electrode Preparation by Cyclic Voltammetry
3.2. Characterization of Multilayer Polymer Systems
3.2.1. Raman Spectroscopy
3.2.2. Electron Microscopy
3.2.3. UV–Vis Spectrometry
3.3. Potentiometry
3.3.1. Potentiometric Response to Citrate
3.3.2. Potentiometric Selectivity
3.3.3. Electrode Response and Stability
3.3.4. Potentiometric Determination of Citrate in Soft Drinks
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition of Polymerization Bath | Polymerization Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Monomer | Monomer concentration (M) | Supporting electrolyte | Potential limits vs. Ag/AgCl (V) | Time of polymerization (min) |
Thiophene | 0.4 | Acetonitrile 0.05 M TBAP | −0.20–1.90 | 4 |
Aniline.H2SO4 | 0.05 | 1 M H2SO4 60 μM PVP | 0.00–1.20 | 10 |
Neutral red [7] | 0.005 | Acetonitrile 0.05 M TBAP | −0.20–1.80 | 15 |
Form | Maximum I (nm) | Maximum II (nm) |
---|---|---|
Monomer | 456 | 541 |
Polymer | 449 | 537 |
pH | Monomer Max (nm) | Polymer Max (nm) |
---|---|---|
4 | 530 | 531 |
5 | 529 | 529 |
6 | 529 | 445 + sh * (530) |
7 | 461 + sh * (530) | 443 |
8 | 453 | 442 |
Parameters | PNR | PTh | PANI | PTh-PNR | PTh-PANI- PNR | PTh-PNR- PANI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slope S (mV decade−1) | −22.7 | −53.5 | −20.4 | −25.4 | −18.0 | −19.5 |
Conc. range (M) | 10−5–10−1 | 10−2–10−1 | 10−3–10−1 | 10−5–10−1 | 10−6–10−1 | 10−4–10−1 |
Coefficient of determination R2 | 0.9927 | 1 | 0.9983 | 0.9814 | 0.9895 | 0.9893 |
DL * (M) | 2.4 × 10−6 | - | 1.0 × 10−4 | 1.5 × 10−6 | 4.3 × 10−6 | 2.0 × 10−6 |
Sample | PTh-PANI-PNR Electrodes | PNR (org) Electrodes from the Reference | Another Method (CE) [17] | Another Method (Abs) [44] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mountain Dew | 1.56 ± 0.13 * | 1.74 ± 0.27 * | 1.37 ± 0.08 * | 1.42 |
Gatorade | 3.18 ± 0.21 * | 3.01 ± 0.25 * | 3.43 ± 0.19 * | 3.89 |
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Broncová, G.; Shishkanova, T.V.; Matějka, P. The Novel Three-Layer Electrode Based on Poly(Neutral Red) for Potentiometric Determination of Citrates. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030170
Broncová G, Shishkanova TV, Matějka P. The Novel Three-Layer Electrode Based on Poly(Neutral Red) for Potentiometric Determination of Citrates. Chemosensors. 2023; 11(3):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030170
Chicago/Turabian StyleBroncová, Gabriela, Tatiana V. Shishkanova, and Pavel Matějka. 2023. "The Novel Three-Layer Electrode Based on Poly(Neutral Red) for Potentiometric Determination of Citrates" Chemosensors 11, no. 3: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030170