Mass Spectrometry as an Analytical Tool for Detection of Microplastics in the Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Application of Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Microplastics
2.1. Detection of MPs in Marine and Freshwater Organisms
2.2. Detection of MPs in Various Water Sources
2.2.1. In Seawater and Artificial Sea Water
2.2.2. Detection of MPs in Freshwater
2.2.3. Detection of MPs in Wastewater
2.3. Detection of MPs in Sediments
2.4. Detection of MPs in Other Environmental Samples
3. LC-MS-Based Analysis of the Effects of MPs
3.1. LC-MS-Based Analysis on the Effects of MPs on Aquatic Creatures and in Water Sources
3.2. Detection of MPs in Miscellaneous Sources
4. Other MS-Based Microplastic Sensors
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Source | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
GC-MS | River surface water | The composition and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in microplastics were determined. | [53] |
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging analysis and Pyr-GC/MS | Sea surface water and sediment | FTIR detects a broad range and even very low numbers of smaller sized particles, Pyrolysis -GC/MS, when exceeding a detection threshold, enables a condensed overview of polymer types represented by a shared chemical backbone expressed by basic polymer clusters. | [54] |
Pyr-GC/MS | German Bight waters | Polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, poly-(vinyl chloride), polycarbonate, and poly(methyl methacrylate) were detected. | [55] |
Pyr-GC/MS | Estuary of the Seine river sediments | Highlighted the challenges associated with the use of Pyr-GC/MS for the quantification of microplastics in sediments. | [56] |
Pyr-GC/MS | Raw and treated drinking water | The most dominant polymer type in drinking water samples was polyethylene > polyamide > polyethylene terphtalate > polypropylene > polystyrene. | [41] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Textile laundry wastewater | Polyethylene terephthalate, nylon-6, and polyacrylonitrile were quantified. | [57] |
Pyr-GC–MS | Daphnia magna (zooplankton) | The content of polystyrene ingested by an individual Daphnia magna was successfully determined. | [21] |
Pyr-GC–MS | Sea surface water and mixture of twelve types of standard polymers | The microplastic samples twelve polymers were identified and quantified by Pyrolysis-GC/MS with calcium carbonate. | [58] |
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and Pyr-GC-MS | Sediment, suspended matter, soil, and sewage sludge | Polyethylene and polypropylene were detected in all samples. | [59] |
Pyr-GC–MS | Road dust samples | Quantified the tire and road wear microplastics in road dust samples. | [60] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Sandy beach sediments | Identified 68.8% of the analyzed particles. | [30] |
TGA-FTIR-GC-MS | Reference polymers and mesoplastics from beach and beach sediments. | Provided physical and chemical properties of the analyzed polymers. Identified 11 types of polymers. | [61] |
TGA-FTIR-GC-MS | Mussels | Quantified polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene microplastics in mussel tissue. | [62] |
Pyr-GC–MS | Chaetodipterus faber (Atlantic spadefish), Cynoscion arenarius (sand trout), Lagodon rhomboids (pinfish), Menticirrhus americanus (southern kingfish), Micropogonias undulates (Atlantic croaker), and Orthopristis chrysoptera (grunt) | Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, silicone, and epoxy resin were identified. | [16] |
Pyr-GC-MS, TED-GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR | River sediment | Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate were identified and quantified. | [63] |
Pyr-GC-MS and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with headspace gas (HS) chromatography/ion trap (IT)-MS | Raritan River surface water | Identified compounds associated with microplastic debris and characterized the major plastic types. | [64] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Road dust | Microplastics of Polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, poly (methyl methacrylate), and polyethylene were quantified. | [30] |
Pyrolysis-GC-MS | Sandy beach sediments | Identified 68.8% of the analyzed particles. | [65] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Farmland soil | Identified and quantified microplastics in soil samples. | [66] |
TED-GC-MS | Artificial water | Provided information about pyrolysis behavior, as well as the microplastics content. | [67] |
TED-GC-MS | Bottled water and other beverages | Determined microplastic contents below 0.01 µg/L up to 2 µg/L, depending on beverages bottle type. | [68] |
Thermal desorption (TD)- Pyr-GC-MS | Coastline sediments | Identified several polymer types. | [69] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Coastline sediments | Polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate were identified. | [70] |
Pyr-GC-MS | River water and sediment | Polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene were quantified. | [71] |
Pyr-GC-MS | Standard plastics materials | Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polymethyl methacrylate were detected. | [49] |
Pyr-GC-TOF-MS | Wastewater samples | Polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene were quantified. | [72] |
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined with Pyr-GC–MS | Reference plastics | Extracted and quantified a wide range of plastic polymers. | [31] |
Pyr-GC–MS and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyser (EDXA) | Coastal sediments | Simultaneously identified polymer types of microplastic particles and associated organic plastic additives using Pyrolysis-GC–MS. SEM-EDXA identified inorganic plastic additives. | [45] |
μ-Raman and Pyr-GC/MS | Bivalve, beach and sea water surface | The optimized Pyrolysis-GC/MS method identified 100% of the 40 previously identified particles with μ-Raman as plastic and demonstrated that this method is reliable for microplastic identification. | [32] |
Thermal Extraction/Desorption (TED)-GC/MS | Wastewater | Requires little sample preparation and quantification limits for polystyrene and polyethylene. | [36] |
Pyr-GC–MS and ATR-FTIR | Western Lake Superior surface water | Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polyethylene were identified in Lake Superior. | [34] |
TED-GC-MS | Biogas plant, rivers | Polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene were identified. | [51] |
Curie-point-Pyr-GC-MS | Standard polymers and fish | Simultaneously identified and optionally quantified microplastic in environmental samples on a polymer-specific mass-related trace level. | [35] |
TED-GC-MS | Wastewater treatment plants effluents | polyethylene was consistently the most prominent polymer in samples. | [66] |
Double shot Pyr-GC-MS | Shoreline (beach) sand samples | Provided recoveries higher than 96 % for phthalates and polystyrene. | [50] |
Technique | Source | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
LC-MS/MS | Landfill sludge, marine sediment, indoor dust, digestive residues mussels and clams, sea salt and rock salt | The amounts of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate were quantified in environmental samples. | [84] |
LC-MS/MS | Indoor and outdoor dust samples | Mass concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate microplastics were determined. | [85] |
LC-MS/MS | Landfill | Polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate were quantified. | [86] |
LC-MS/MS | Laundry wastewater, influents, and effluents of wastewater treatment plants. | Mass of polyethylene terephthalate polymer was quantified. | [75] |
LC-MS/MS | Polyethylene terephthalate plastic powder (nano-polyethylene terephthalate) | Mass concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate polymers were detected. | [86] |
LC-MS/MS | Earthworm casts | Submicron (0.1–0.8 μm) and nanocron (20–100 nm) particles of fossil-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) and bio-based poly(lactic acid) were detected in excretion. | [87] |
LC-MS/MS | Lake sediments | Masses of bisphenol A (BPA) and p-phthalic acid were detected. | [88] |
LC-MS/MS | Yellow River Delta wetland soil | In all soil samples, polyethylene terephthalate concentrations were much higher than polycarbonate concentrations. | [89] |
LC-MS/MS | Fish fillets | Determined phthalates in fresh fish fillets. | [90] |
LC-MS/MS | Coral fragments | Dibutyl-phthalate, benzylbutyl-phthalate, diethyl-phthalate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, and dimethyl-phthalate were quantified in corals. | [91] |
LC-ESI-MS | Marine beach sand, indoor dust, and sludge | Quantified polyethylene terephthalate microplastics and nanoplastics. | [92] |
LC-quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF)/MS | Microplastic leachates | Bisphenol A, BPA, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, and palmitamide were identified in leachates. | [93] |
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Sewage sludge | Polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and their monomers of terephthalic acid and bisphenol A were quantified. | [94] |
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Indoor dust | Polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate were detected and quantified. | [95] |
HPLC-electrospray (ESI)-MS/MS | Cat and dog foods | Polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate were detected and quantified. Microplastic monomers such as bisphenol A and terephthalic acid were also quantified. | [96] |
UPLC-MS/MS | Loggerhead sea turtle (liver and fat tissue) | The concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, para phthalic acid, and bisphenol A were determined in fat and liver tissues. | [97] |
Solid phase microextraction (SPME)-LC/MS | Coral reef invertebrates (Danafungia scruposa and Tridacna maxima) | Quantified phthalate esters. | [79] |
SPME-LC-MS/MS | Coral fragments | Di-methyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in coral samples were detected. | [98] |
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Chun, S.; Muthu, M.; Gopal, J. Mass Spectrometry as an Analytical Tool for Detection of Microplastics in the Environment. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120530
Chun S, Muthu M, Gopal J. Mass Spectrometry as an Analytical Tool for Detection of Microplastics in the Environment. Chemosensors. 2022; 10(12):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120530
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun, Sechul, Manikandan Muthu, and Judy Gopal. 2022. "Mass Spectrometry as an Analytical Tool for Detection of Microplastics in the Environment" Chemosensors 10, no. 12: 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120530