The Impact of Sleep Quality and Education Level on the Relationship between Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Parents of Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Data Collection and Ethical Consideration
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Suicidal Ideations
2.3.2. Depression
2.3.3. Sleep Quality
2.3.4. Sample Characteristics
2.3.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Correlations between Depression, Sleep Quality, and Suicidal Ideations
3.3. Moderating Effects of Sleep Quality and Education Level on the Relationship between Depression and Suicidal Ideations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hedegaard, H.; Curtin, S.C.; Warner, M. Increase in Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999–2018. NCHS Data Brief 2020, 362, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics Korea. Available online: kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/6/2/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=385219&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt= (accessed on 20 May 2021).
- McAdams, D.P. The psychology of life stories. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2001, 5, 100–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarang, S.D.; Karnam, A.G.; Shitole, R.B. To Investigate the Relationship between Psychological Factors and Stress in Two Different Developmental Stages in Adults: A Cross Sectional Study. Indian J. Occup. Ther. 2019, 51, 102–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luthar, S.S.; Ciciolla, L. What It Feels Like to Be a Mother: Variations by Children’s Developmental Stages. Dev. Psychol. 2016, 52, 143–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tonghoon, K.; Ppudah, K. Effect of Family Relationships on Depression in Middle-Aged Parents with Teenage Children: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Loneliness. Fam. Cult. 2019, 31, 1–33. [Google Scholar]
- Jinyoung, C.; Kihyun, K. Effects of indirect expression of parental affection on youth depression, suicidal ideations and suicidal behavior. Korean Soc. Child Welf. 2019, 6, 185–217. [Google Scholar]
- Donath, C.; Graessel, E.; Baier, D.; Bleich, S.; Hillemacher, T. Is parenting style a predictor of suicide attempts in a representative sample of adolescents? BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lewandowski, R.; Verdeli, H.; Wickramaratne, P.; Warner, V.; Mancini, A.; Weissman, M. Predictors of Positive Outcomes in Offspring of Depressed Parents and Non-depressed Parents Across 20 Years. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2014, 23, 800–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jinju, K.; Gyupan, J. Analysis of the Structural Relationship among Stress, Parent-Adolescent Communication, Depression and Suicidal Behavior of Adolescent. Korea J. Youth Couns. 2012, 20, 251–270. [Google Scholar]
- Reinherz, H.Z.; Tanner, J.L.; Berger, S.R.; Beardslee, W.R.; Fitzmaurice, G.M. Adolescent suicidal ideations as predictive of psychopathology, suicidal behavior, and compromised functioning at age 30. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163, 1226–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hyomi, P.; Heashoon, L. Influencing Predictors of Suicidal Ideations in the Korean Middle Age. Korean J. Stress Res. 2013, 21, 323–329. [Google Scholar]
- Jang, S.-N.; Kawachi, I.; Chang, J.; Boo, K.; Shin, H.-G.; Lee, H.; Cho, S.-I. Marital status, gender, and depression: Analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). Soc. Sci. Med. 2009, 69, 1608–1615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirae, K. The Relationship Between Married Womens’ Life Stress and Depression Tendency: The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Self-Esteem. Korean Psychol. Assoc. Health 2007, 12, 761–777. [Google Scholar]
- Geumja, P. Factors Influencing the Meaning of Life for Middle-aged Women. Korean J. Women Health Nurs. 2002, 8, 232–243. [Google Scholar]
- Sook, S.B. Relationships between Sleep Duration and Depression or Suicidal Ideations in Korean Adults. J. Korea Soc. Health Serv. Manag. 2018, 12, 219–228. [Google Scholar]
- Hee, E.H.; Hee, H.P. The Association between Total Sleep Time and Suicidal Ideations in Adults over the Age of 20. J. Korea Contents Soc. 2016, 16, 420–427. [Google Scholar]
- Basner, M.; Fomberstein, K.M.; Razavi, F.M.; Banks, S.; William, J.H.; Rosa, R.R. American time use survey: Sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. Sleep 2007, 30, 1085–1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soo, G.E.; Eun, S.C. Gender Differentials and Covariates of Sleep Time in Daily Life of Korea. J. Korean Off. Stat. 2010, 15, 82–103. [Google Scholar]
- Owusu, J.T.; Doty, S.B.; Adjaye-Gbewonyo, D.; Bass, J.K.; Wilcox, H.C.; Gallo, J.J. Association of sleep characteristics with suicidal ideations and suicide attempt among adults aged 50 and older with depressive symptoms in low- and middle-income countries. Sleep Health 2020, 6, 92–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sukyoung, K. Factors related to sleep duration in Korean adults. J. Korean Data Inf. Sci. Soc. 2018, 01, 153–165. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, S.E.; van Hees, V.T.; Mazzotti, D.R.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Sabia, S.; van der Spek, A.; Dashti, H.S.; Engmann, J.; Kocevska, D.; Tyrrell, J.; et al. Genetic studies of accelerometer-based sleep measures yield new insights into human sleep behaviour. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daniel, B.R.; Zacharty, A.K.; Andrew, M.M.; George, D.S.; Falk, W.L. Educational attainment reduces the risk of suicide attempt among individuals with and without psychiatric disorders independent of cognition: A bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study with more than 815,000 participants. Transl. Psychiatry 2020, 10, 388. [Google Scholar]
- Sookhyang, S.K.; Gyeongran, H. The Influence of Social Exclusion on Suicideal Impulse of Senior Citizens and the Moderating Effect of Adjustment Resilience. J. Korea Contents Assoc. 2016, 16, 263–273. [Google Scholar]
- Sami, H.; Danielle, L.; Lihi, D.; Elena, S. The effect of sleep disturbances and internet addiction on suicidal ideations among adolescents in the presence of depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2018, 267, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Reynold, W.M. Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire; Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, FL, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- MinSeop, S. An Empirical Study of the Mechanism of Suicide: Validation of the Scale for Escape from the Self. Ph.D. Thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Psychological Assessment Resources. Available online: https://www.parinc.com/ (accessed on 19 May 2021).
- Beck, A.T.; Ward, C.; Mendelson, M.; Mock, J.; Erbaugh, J. Beck depression inventory(BDI). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1961, 4, 561–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI) Brief Statistics on Korean Education. Available online: https://kess.kedi.re.kr/eng/publ/view?survSeq=2019&publSeq=4&menuSeq=0&itemCode=02&language=en# (accessed on 20 May 2021).
- Aaron, T.B.; Robert, A.S.; Gregory, K.B. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ (BDI-Ⅱ); Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohn, S.I.; Kim, D.H.; Lee, M.Y.; Cho, Y.W. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Breath. 2012, 16, 803–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- JunSoo, J.; HeaKyung, L. A Study on the Factors Affecting the Entry of Depression by Life Cycle—Focusing on the Comparison of the Three Generations of Adulthood, Middle Age and Old Age. Korean J. Soc. Welf. 2017, 69, 117–141. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression-Based Approach; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds, W.M. Psychometric characteristics of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire in college students. J. Personal. Assess. 1991, 56, 289–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Yip, P.F.; Fu, K. Validation of the Chinese version of the Reynolds’ suicidal ideations questionnaire: Psychometric properties and its short version. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2014, 12, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Suk, G.L.; Hee, E.J.; Young, E.K. Development of a Suicide Prevention Program for Adolescents. J. Korea Youth Couns. Welf. Insitute 2016, 24, 99–124. [Google Scholar]
- Mo, H.S.; Bum, J.K.; Nam, Y.P.; Seok, D.B.; Hee, S.L.; Nie, H.A. A Study on the Reliability and the Validity of Korean Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ). Korean Soc. Biol. Ther. Psychiatry 2008, 14, 201–212. [Google Scholar]
- Rim, K.S. Depression Among Korean Women. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2001, 31, 391–400. [Google Scholar]
- Tramonti, F.; Maestri, M.; Gronchi, A.; Fabbrini, M.; Di Coscio, E.; Carnicelli, L.; Bonanni, E. Psychological well-being of patients with insomnia and its relationship with anxiety and depression. Psychol. Health Med. 2016, 21, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buysse, D.J.; Hall, M.L.; Strollo, P.J.; Kamarck, T.W.; Owens, J.; Lee, L.; Matthews, K.A. Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2008, 4, 563–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Won, H.P.; Hun, T.K. A study on the Correlation between Quality of Sleep and Dry eye in Workers. Korean J. Vis. Sci. 2018, 20, 77–86. [Google Scholar]
- Baek, S.S.; Yeoum, S.G.; Cho, J.Y. The Causal Relationship between Andropause Symptoms, Depression, and Suicidal Ideations in Middle-Aged Men. J. Korean Data Anal. Soc. 2014, 16, 2739–2755. [Google Scholar]
- Myungil, K.; Hyeri, S. Influence of Depression of the Elderly on Suicidal Ideations—Focused on the Moderating Effect of Social Participation and Preparation for Aging. Seoul Stud. 2013, 14, 185–201. [Google Scholar]
- Kay, D.B.; Dombrovski, A.Y.; Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Begley, A.; Szanto, K. Insomnia is associated with suicide attempt in middle-aged and older adults with depression. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2016, 28, 613–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oyama, H.; Sakashita, T. Community-based screening intervention for depression affects suicide rates among middle-aged Japanese adults. Psychol. Med. 2017, 47, 1500–1509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ah, H.C.; Suk, D.L.; Ju, Y.K. Analysis on Depression and Suicidal Ideations of Korean Female Adults—By using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). J. Korean Data Anal. Soc. 2011, 13, 709–720. [Google Scholar]
- Jin, H.T.; Ram, B.J.; Ho, J.C. Sleep problems as a risk factor for suicide: Are certain specific sleep domains associated with increased suicide risk? J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 252, 182–189. [Google Scholar]
- Hyun, J.K.; Cheol, E.P.; Hyun, W.C.; Yeon, J.P.; Jung, W.C.; Sun, H.C.; Kim, J.-H.; Park, E.-C.; Cho, W.-H.; Park, J.-Y.; et al. Association between Total Sleep Duration and Suicidal Ideations among the Korean General Adult Population. Sleep 2013, 36, 1563–1572. [Google Scholar]
- Ju, H.P. The effect of sleep duration on suicidal ideations in Korean adolescents. J. Korean Soc. Sch. Health 2015, 1, 18. [Google Scholar]
- Young, E.G.; Hee, I.J. Art Psychotherapy for Middle-Aged Female with Depressive Symptoms from the Viewpoint of ‘Individuation Process’. J. Cogn. Enhanc. Interv. 2016, 7, 73–89. [Google Scholar]
- Ock, M.C.; Ok, H.J.; Arin, K. A Systematic Review of Non-pharmacological Intervention for Depression in Korean Middle-aged Women. J. Korea Acad.-Ind. Coop. Soc. 2016, 17, 638–651. [Google Scholar]
- Yae, B.C.; Sook, H.P. Effects of non-pharmacological interventions for adults with insomnia in Korea: A meta-analysis. J. Korea Acad. -Ind. Coop. Soc. 2017, 18, 95–106. [Google Scholar]
- Min, Y.P.; Gul, S.K.; Jeong, H.L.; Leen, K. Relationship between Sleep, Suicide, and Serotonin. Sleep Med. Psychophysiol. 2014, 21, 29–32. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Cheng, S.; Xu, H. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between sleep disorders and suicidal behaviour in patients with depression. BMC Psychiatry 2019, 19, 303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jin, S.K.; Wha, T.L.; Suk, G.K.; JuHee, L. The Levels of Health Literacy and Related Factors among middle-aged Adults in Seoul, Korea. Korean J. Health Educ. Promot. 2012, 29, 75–89. [Google Scholar]
- Soo, S.K.; Hyun, S.K.; Yub, S.L. Health Literacy: Development of a Korean Health Literacy Assessment Tool. J. Korean Soc. Health Educ. Promot. 2005, 22, 215–227. [Google Scholar]
- Oldach, B.R.; Katz, M.L. Health literacy and cancer screening: A systematic review. Patient Educ. Couns. 2014, 94, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jin, E.K.; Hyun, S.K. Associations among Health Literacy, Psychosocial Factors, and Cancer-related Health Actions: A Systematic Literature Revie. J. Korean Soc. Adult Nurs. 2018, 30, 565–576. [Google Scholar]
- Hill-Briggs, F.; Renosky, R.; Lazo, M.; Bone, L.; Hill, M.; Levine, D.; Peyrot, M. Development and pilot evaluation of literacy-adapted diabetes and CVD education in urban, diabetic African Americans. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2008, 23, 1491–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sujin, L. The Developments and Evaluations of a Health Literacy Considered Diabetes Self-Management Program for Older Adults. Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Webb, C.A.; Cui, R.; Titus, C.; Fiske, A.; Nadorff, M.R. Sleep Disturbance, Activities of Daily Living, and Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults. Clin. Gerontol. 2018, 41, 172–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variables | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 15 (8.4) |
Female | 163 (91.6) | |
Age(years) | 46.28 (±3.21) | |
Education | <University | 114 (64.4) |
≥University | 63 (35.6) |
Suicidal Ideations | Depression | Sleep Quality | Age | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Suicidal ideations | 1 | |||
Depression | 0.59 (<0.001) | 1 | ||
Sleep quality | 0.34 (<0.001) | 0.37 (<0.001) | 1 | |
Age | 0.15 (0.046) | 0.08 (0.276) | −0.07 (0.382) | 1 |
Mean | 8.13 | 6.34 | 4.24 | 46.28 |
SD | 19.56 | 6.45 | 2.57 | 3.21 |
Effect *, Variable | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | se | p | B | se | p | B | se | p | |
depression | 0.92 *** | 0.18 | <0.001 | −0.52 | 0.42 | 0.220 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 0.134 |
sleep quality | 0.87 * | 0.42 | 0.040 | −0.55 | 0.58 | 0.347 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.362 |
Education (University) | 3.19 | 2.07 | 0.126 | −4.07 | 2.87 | 0.159 | 9.57 | 5.28 | 0.072 |
interaction effect | |||||||||
Depression × PSQI | 0.21 * | 0.07 | 0.003 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.736 | |||
Depression × Education (University) | 1.15 * | 0.37 | 0.002 | −1.80 * | 0.82 | 0.029 | |||
PSQI × Education (University) | −2.93 * | 1.17 | 0.013 | ||||||
Depression × PSQI × Education (University) | 0.53 *** | 0.14 | <0.001 | ||||||
R2 (⊿R2) F(p) | 0.21, p < 0.001 10.41 (<0.001) | 0.30 (0.09), p < 0.001 11.08 (<0.001) | 0.36 (0.07), p = 0.001 11.04 (<0.001) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shim, J.Y.; Lee, S.; Lee, I.H.; Jeong, Y.M. The Impact of Sleep Quality and Education Level on the Relationship between Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Parents of Adolescents. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091171
Shim JY, Lee S, Lee IH, Jeong YM. The Impact of Sleep Quality and Education Level on the Relationship between Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Parents of Adolescents. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091171
Chicago/Turabian StyleShim, Ji Yeon, Sook Lee, Il Hyun Lee, and Yoo Mi Jeong. 2021. "The Impact of Sleep Quality and Education Level on the Relationship between Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Parents of Adolescents" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091171