Investigating the Relationship between Media Usage, Depression, and Quality of Life among Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subject Recruitment
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Background
3.2. Differences between Different Levels of Media Users in the BSRS-5 and WHOQOL-BREF
3.3. Association between Media Usage, BSRS-5, and WHOQOL-BREF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 107 | 42.5% |
Female | 145 | 57.5% |
Age (mean ± SD) | 70.0 ± 5.4 | |
Education level | ||
Junior school (and below) | 103 | 40.9% |
High school | 102 | 40.5% |
University (and above) | 47 | 18.7% |
Marital status | ||
Single/divorced/separated | 77 | 30.6% |
Married /cohabiting | 175 | 69.4% |
Monthly income or disposable amount (NTD) | ||
<10 thousand | 20 | 7.9% |
10 thousand–20 thousand | 79 | 31.3% |
20 thousand–30 thousand | 56 | 22.2% |
30 thousand–40 thousand | 51 | 20.2% |
≧40 thousand | 46 | 18.3% |
Residential status | ||
Lives with relatives | 188 | 74.6% |
Lives alone | 64 | 25.4% |
Number of chronic diseases (mean ± SD) | 1.3 ± 1.3 | |
Employment status | ||
YES | 49 | 19.4% |
NO | 203 | 80.6% |
TV | Newspapers and Magazines | Radio | Internet Media | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Hours of Use | n | % | Hours of Use | n | % | Hours of Use | n | % | Hours of Use | n | % |
On weekdays | 1< | 38 | 15.1% | 1< | 187 | 74.2% | 1< | 160 | 63.5% | 1< | 63 | 26.1% |
1–2 | 50 | 19.8% | 1–2 | 44 | 17.5% | 1–2 | 45 | 17.9% | 1–2 | 60 | 24.9% | |
2–3 | 51 | 20.2% | 2–3 | 4 | 1.6% | 2–3 | 19 | 7.5% | 2–3 | 72 | 29.9% | |
3–4 | 55 | 21.8% | 3–4 | 11 | 4.4% | 3–4 | 12 | 4.8% | 3–4 | 16 | 6.6% | |
≥4 | 58 | 23.0% | ≥4 | 6 | 2.4% | ≥4 | 16 | 6.3% | ≥4 | 30 | 12.4% | |
On weekends | 1< | 45 | 17.9% | 1< | 189 | 75.0% | 1< | 172 | 68.3% | 1< | 66 | 27.4% |
1–2 | 52 | 20.6% | 1–2 | 39 | 15.5% | 1–2 | 42 | 16.7% | 1–2 | 53 | 22.0% | |
2–3 | 41 | 16.3% | 2–3 | 8 | 3.2% | 2–3 | 19 | 7.5% | 2–3 | 78 | 32.4% | |
3–4 | 46 | 18.3% | 3–4 | 10 | 4.0% | 3–4 | 7 | 2.8% | 3–4 | 20 | 8.3% | |
≥4 | 68 | 27.0% | ≥4 | 6 | 2.4% | ≥4 | 12 | 4.8% | ≥4 | 24 | 10.0% |
TV | Newspapers and Magazines | Radio | Internet Media | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | On Weekdays | On Weekends | On Weekdays | On Weekends | On Weekdays | On Weekends | On Weekdays | On Weekends | ||||||||||||||||
<3 | ≥3 | p | <3 | ≥3 | p | <1 | ≥1 | p | <1 | ≥1 | p | <1 | ≥1 | p | <1 | ≥1 | p | <3 | ≥3 | p | <3 | ≥3 | p | |
BSRS-5 | 3.47 ± 3.35 | 3.07 ± 2.89 | 0.31 | 3.70 ± 3.42 | 2.81 ± 2.73 | 0.02 * | 3.48 ± 3.14 | 2.75 ± 3.15 | 0.11 | 3.36 ± 3.17 | 3.10 ± 3.13 | 0.57 | 3.14 ± 3.28 | 3.55 ±2.91 | 0.32 | 3.20 ± 3.29 | 3.49 ± 2.86 | 0.51 | 3.36 ± 3.04 | 3.05 ± 3.54 | 0.51 | 3.31 ± 3.03 | 3.24 ± 3.59 | 0.88 |
WHOQOL-BREF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical health | 14.65 ± 2.01 | 14.49 ± 2.11 | 0.54 | 14.56 ± 2.09 | 14.61 ± 2.03 | 0.86 | 14.40 ± 2.01 | 15.09 ± 2.13 | 0.02 * | 14.46 ± 2.03 | 14.96 ± 2.11 | 0.09 | 14.74 ± 2.07 | 14.31 ± 2.02 | 0.11 | 14.76 ± 2.03 | 14.20 ± 2.07 | 0.05 * | 14.47 ± 2.03 | 14.94 ± 2.11 | 0.13 | 14.41 ± 2.01 | 15.19 ± 2.12 | 0.01 * |
Psychological health | 13.83 ± 2.35 | 13.39 ± 2.45 | 0.14 | 13.67 ± 2.35 | 13.59 ± 2.47 | 0.80 | 13.40 ± 2.37 | 14.30 ± 2.39 | <0.01 * | 13.50 ± 2.41 | 14.02 ± 2.36 | 0.14 | 13.85 ± 2.33 | 13.25 ± 2.49 | 0.05 | 13.92 ± 2.31 | 13.02 ± 2.51 | <0.01 * | 13.44 ± 2.37 | 14.29 ± 2.42 | 0.02 * | 13.42 ± 2.33 | 14.40 ± 2.54 | 0.01 * |
Social relationships | 14.33 ± 2.27 | 13.80 ± 2.26 | 0.07 | 14.32 ± 2.20 | 13.82 ± 2.34 | 0.09 | 13.89 ± 2.37 | 14.69 ± 1.86 | <0.01 * | 13.98 ± 2.38 | 14.43 ± 1.92 | 0.14 | 14.26 ± 2.35 | 13.80 ± 2.11 | 0.12 | 14.31 ± 2.31 | 13.64 ± 2.14 | 0.03 * | 14.05 ± 2.21 | 14.25 ±2.50 | 0.57 | 14.02 ± 2.25 | 14.38 ± 2.35 | 0.29 |
Environment | 14.55 ± 1.94 | 14.51 ± 1.82 | 0.86 | 14.51 ± 1.92 | 14.55 ± 1.84 | 0.87 | 14.38 ± 1.92 | 14.97 ± 1.70 | 0.03 * | 14.46 ± 1.91 | 14.76 ± 1.79 | 0.27 | 14.46 ± 2.00 | 14.66 ± 1.65 | 0.41 | 14.48 ± 2.00 | 14.65 ± 1.61 | 0.50 | 14.49 ± 1.91 | 14.68 ± 1.78 | 0.50 | 14.45 ± 1.89 | 14.82 ± 1.83 | 0.20 |
Dependent Variable | BSRS-5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | B | SE | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Hours of use on weekdays | |||||
TV | −0.23 | 0.14 | −0.51, 0.05 | 0.10 | |
Newspapers and magazines | −0.39 | 0.21 | −0.80, 0.03 | 0.07 | |
Radio | 0.08 | 0.17 | −0.25, 0.41 | 0.63 | |
Internet media | 0.12 | 0.11 | −0.09, 0.34 | 0.25 | |
Hours of use on weekends | |||||
TV | −0.35 | 0.13 | −0.62, −0.09 | <0.01 * | |
Newspapers and magazines | −0.21 | 0.22 | −0.64, 0.21 | 0.32 | |
Radio | 0.03 | 0.19 | −0.35, 0.41 | 0.89 | |
Internet media | 0.18 | 0.11 | −0.03, 0.40 | 0.10 |
Dependent Variable | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relationships | Environment | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | B | SE | OR (95% CI) | p | B | SE | OR (95% CI) | p | B | SE | OR (95% CI) | p | B | SE | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Hours of use on weekdays | |||||||||||||||||
TV | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.20, 0.12 | 0.62 | −0.25 | 0.10 | −0.44, −0.06 | <0.01 * | −0.15 | 0.09 | −0.34, 0.04 | 0.11 | −0.00 | 0.08 | −0.16, 0.15 | 0.97 | |
Newspapers and magazines | 0.22 | 0.12 | −0.02, 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.17, 0.74 | <0.01 * | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.10, 0.66 | <0.01 * | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.04, 0.50 | 0.02 * | |
Radio | −0.08 | 0.10 | −0.27, 0.11 | 0.39 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.31, 0.14 | 0.46 | −0.17 | 0.11 | −0.39, 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.14, 0.22 | 0.66 | |
Internet media | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.04, 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.07 | −0.02, 0.27 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.07 | −0.18, 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.08, 0.15 | 0.55 | |
Hours of use on weekends | |||||||||||||||||
TV | −0.09 | 0.08 | −0.24, 0.07 | 0.28 | −0.25 | 0.09 | −0.43, −0.06 | <0.01 * | −0.24 | 0.09 | −0.42, −0.06 | <0.01 * | −0.07 | 0.08 | −0.22, 0.08 | 0.34 | |
Newspapers and magazines | 0.23 | 0.12 | −0.01, 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.12, 0.70 | <0.01 * | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.10, 0.66 | <0.01 * | 0.22 | 0.12 | −0.01, 0.46 | 0.06 | |
Radio | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.31, 0.13 | 0.40 | −0.16 | 0.13 | −0.42, 0.10 | 0.23 | −0.20 | 0.13 | −0.46, 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.08, 0.34 | 0.23 | |
Internet media | 0.11 | 0.06 | −0.02, 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.02, 0.32 | 0.02 * | −0.00 | 0.07 | −0.15, 0.14 | 0.99 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.08, 0.16 | 0.47 |
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Wang, K.-T.; Fu, S.-H.; Hsieh, P.-L.; Lin, Y.-L.; Yang, S.-Y. Investigating the Relationship between Media Usage, Depression, and Quality of Life among Older Adults. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091154
Wang K-T, Fu S-H, Hsieh P-L, Lin Y-L, Yang S-Y. Investigating the Relationship between Media Usage, Depression, and Quality of Life among Older Adults. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091154
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Kuan-Ting, Shih-Hau Fu, Pei-Lun Hsieh, Ying-Lien Lin, and Shang-Yu Yang. 2021. "Investigating the Relationship between Media Usage, Depression, and Quality of Life among Older Adults" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091154