Analysis of Social Media Discussions on (#)Diet by Blue, Red, and Swing States in the U.S.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Pre-Processing
2.3. Topic Discovery
Topics | Documents | |
& | ||
P(Wi|Tk) | P(Tk|Dj) |
2.4. Topic Analysis
2.5. Statistical Comparison
3. Results
- No significant difference between republican and swing states across 10 topics, including self-monitoring, diet sodas, recipes, celebrity diets, nutrition information, healthy diet planning, AAA diet, fitness inspiration, fitness information, and dietary log. However, a significant difference was detected between republican and swing states based on 22 (68.75%) topics, in which swing states had higher discussion than republican states on 13 topics.
- No significant difference between democratic and republican states in five topics, including diet information, diet pills, vegetarian/vegan, diet change, and Atkins diets. However, a significant difference was identified between republican and democratic states in 27 (84%) topics, in which republican states had higher discussion than democratic states on 17 topics.
- No significant difference between democratic and swing states on the diabetes topic. However, a difference was detected between democratic and swing states in 31 (96.875%) topics, in which swing states had higher discussion than democratic states in 22 topics.
- While the republican and swings states discussed the types of diets more than other states, the discussions of democratic states focused on positive and negative outcomes of diets, such as weight loss and chronic diseases. Compared to the republican and the swing states, the democratic states made more mentions of fitness role models (e.g., celebrities) to inspire healthy behaviors.
- U.S. news scored and ranked diets based on their healthiness, in which the higher score represented a healthier diet [53]. Based on this ranking, the democratic states were more interested in diets with a higher healthy score representing the value of a diet for improving health and helping fight diseases, such as the Mediterranean (4.8/5) and AAA (3/5) diets; however, the republican and swing states were more interested in diets with a lower healthy score, such as paleo (2.5/5), and ketogenic/LCHF (Keto) (1.7/5). Studies also show that Yo-Yo [54] and gluten-free diets for people without celiac disease [55] are not healthy diets.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Topic | Description |
---|---|
Self-monitoring | The practice of observing health behaviors, actions, and decisions related to health. |
Weight loss | Physical activity aimed at reducing weight and body mass index (BMI). |
Diet Information | Information used to enable a person to take control over and improve their diet. |
Diabetes | Chronic condition/disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high. |
Diet Promotion and Advertisement | Information used to enable a person to take control over and improve their diet. |
Diet Pill | Weight loss medications to reduce or control weight. |
Unhealthy Diet | Food choices comprised of low nutritional value. |
Gluten Free Diet | Dietary plan of eating foods that do not have gluten. |
Vegetarian/Vegan Diet | Dietary plan abstaining from the consumption of meat and sometimes by-products of animal slaughter [75]. |
Diet Education | Information focused on increasing knowledge or spreading information related to Diet. |
Recipes | Set of instructions for food preparation. |
Balanced Diet | Fulfilling all of a person’s nutritional needs to function correctly. |
Paleo/HCG Diet | While Paleo dietary plan is based on low-carbohydrate foods, the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) dietary plan is based on low-calories and low-fat foods [75]. |
Healthy Diet Information | Sharing information on food choices comprised of high nutritional value. |
Physical Activity | Movement of the body by engaging in an organized or unorganized activity and exerting energy. |
Mediterranean Diet | Dietary plan of primarily plant-based foods, healthy oils, and herbs and spices to flavor foods. Red meat is often limited to a few times a month or less [75]. |
Detox | A process or period of time in which a person abstains from or rids the body of toxic or unhealthy substances by flushing the system with water or naturally occurring products (fruits and vegetables). |
Ketogenic/LCHF Diet | The low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) method is based on replacing carbohydrate with healthy fats. Consisting of low-carb foods forcing the body to turn fat into ketones for use as energy, Ketogenic diet is an example of LCHF diets [75]. |
Obesity | Having weight above what is considered healthy. |
Celebrity Diets and Workouts | Physical activity routines promoted by celebrity social media accounts or associated with the celebrity name. |
Diet Change | Changing eating habits. |
Nutrition Information | Information on the nutrition value of a food. |
No-Sugar Diet | Removing sources of added sugar from daily food intake. |
Atkins Diet | A dietary pattern strict in low-carbohydrate foods [75]. |
Health Diet Plan | Develop a plan to consume food choices comprised of high nutritional value. |
Yo-Yo Dieting | A process of losing weight, regaining it, and then dieting again. |
Acid Alkaline Association (AAA) Diet | Dietary plan of eating 80% alkaline foods and 20% acid-producing foods [75]. |
Fitness Inspiration | Motivation to engage in fitness or become more active in lifestyle behaviors. |
Fitness Program | Temporal representation of exercise or dieting behavior that is captured through specific constraints (e.g., minutes, day, morning, week). |
Fitness Information | Information on the condition of being physically fit and healthy. |
Dietary Log | Planning a consistent pattern of diets, such as cutting meat over time. |
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Label | Top Words per Topic |
---|---|
Self-Monitoring | diet, pounds, days, lost, weeks, months, month, past, year, ago |
Weight Loss | weight, loss, diet, program, weightloss, tips, plan, workout, fast, healthy |
Diet Information | diet, healthy, tips, balanced, eat, maintain, care, strong, body, essential |
Diabetes | diet, diabetes, blood, type, high, pressure, improve, pain, stress, reduce |
Diet Sodas | diet, coke, drink, pepsi, soda, caffeine, drpepper, tastes, drank, cherry |
Diet Promotion | diet, work, bad, exercise, people, good, body, word, fad, matter |
Diet Pill | weight, diet, fat, pill, belly, fast, burn, weightloss, garcinia, appetite |
Unhealthy Diet | diet, eat, pizza, ice, cream, lunch, dinner, donuts, candy, cookies |
Gluten-Free Diet | diet, recipes, paleo, gluten-free, special, cookbook, food, delicious, healthy, mediterranean |
Vegetarian/Vegan Diets | diet, vegan, vegetarian, food, make, eat, plantbased, parents, organic, meat |
Diet Education | diet, video, plan, day, meal, paleo, guide, playlist, book, ketogenic |
Recipes | diet, chicken, cheese, salad, recipe, soup, rice, fries, pizza, pasta |
Balanced Diet | diet, balanced, chocolate, protein, cream, ice, milk, cake, cookie, snack |
Paleo/HCG Diets | diet, week, weight, plan, lose, paleo, hcg, day, meal, menu |
Healthy Diet | diet, healthy, foods, fruits, daily, veggies, great, vegetables, fiber, superfoods |
Physical Activity | weightloss, fitness, diet, health, gym, workout, fatloss, gymtime, yoga, bodybuilding |
Mediterranean Diet | diet, risk, cancer, mediterranean, heart, disease, reduce, diabetes, prevent, brain |
Detox | diet, detox, water, day, tea, green, body, juice, cleanse, drink |
Ketogenic/LCHF Diets | diet, ketogenic, based, keto, plant, great, lchf, lifestyle, food, lowcarb |
Obesity | diet, gut, health, brain, obesity, metabolism, immune, microbiome, bacteria, dna |
Celebrity Diets | diet, workout, plan, routine, secrets, celebrity, reveals, kardashian, body, kim |
Diet Change | diet, change, big, food, people, make, health, poor, mental, habits |
Nutrient Information | health, wellness, nutrition, weightloss, diet, foods, natural, vitamin, supplement, lowcarb |
No-Sugar Diet | diet, soda, sugar, cut, drink, bad, water, cutting, regular, stop |
Atkins Diet | diet, atkins, low, carb, fat, high, protein, calorie, fiber, cholesterol |
Healthy Diet Planning | diet, food, healthy, eat, nutrition, make, lifestyle, healthier, live, tips |
Yo-Yo Dieting | dieting, eating, extension, yo-yo, tips, make, good, eat, avoid, loseweight |
AAA Diet | fitness, weightloss, health, diet, fatloss, aaadiet, tips, burnfat, natural, loseweight |
Fitness Inspiration | weight, diet, healthy, exercise, fatloss, fitspiration, tips, solution, weightloss, nutrition |
Fitness Program | diet, start, today, day, tomorrow, back, week, gonna, working, strict, ready, month, gym |
Fitness Information | diet, fitness, goals, workingout, leanmuscle, common, mistakes, biggest, myths, success |
Dietary Log | eat, diet, feel, cut, meat, good, dairy, thing, food, made |
Topic | ANOVA | Tukey Multiple Comparison Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | |
Self-Monitoring | 457.6 * | NS | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Weight Loss | 2155.6 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Diet Information | 161.3 * | * Rep < Swing | NS | * Dem < Swing |
Diabetes | 28.6 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep < Dem | NS |
Diet Sodas | 1433.7 * | NS | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Diet Promotion | 392.3 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Diet Pill | 68.4 * | * Rep > Swing | NS | * Dem > Swing |
Unhealthy Diet | 1342.9 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Gluten Free Diet | 742.5 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Vegetarian/Vegan Diets | 36.1 * | * Rep < Swing | NS | * Dem < Swing |
Diet Education | 89.8 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Recipes | 111.8 * | NS | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Balanced Diet | 1402.6 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Paleo/HCG Diets | 430.3 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Healthy Diet Information | 405.2 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Physical Activity | 9349.9 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Mediterranean Diet | 81.1 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep < Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Detox | 349.8 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Ketogenic/LCHF Diets | 292.4 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Obesity | 79.1 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Celebrity Diets | 45.7 * | NS | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Diet Change | 29.4 * | * Rep < Swing | NS | * Dem < Swing |
Nutrient Information | 2629.8 * | NS | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
No-Sugar Diet | 461.1 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Atkins Diet | 35.6 * | * Rep < Swing | NS | * Dem < Swing |
Healthy Diet Planning | 104.8 * | NS | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Yo-Yo Dieting | 183.6 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
AAA Diet | 9386.1 * | NS | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Fitness Inspiration | 4788.5 * | NS | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Fitness Program | 879 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Fitness Information | 72.1 * | NS | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Dietary Log | 954 * | NS | * Rep > Dem | * Dem < Swing |
Topic | Mean of Cohen’s d of Sample Sizes | Effect Size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | |
Self-Monitoring | NS | 0.1 | 0.2 | NS | Very Small | Small |
Weight Loss | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | Small | Small | Small |
Diet Information | 0.1 | NS | 0.1 | Very Small | NS | Very Small |
Diabetes | 0.1 | 0.1 | NS | Very Small | Very Small | NS |
Diet Sodas | NS | 0.1 | 0.2 | NS | Very Small | Small |
Diet Promotion | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Small | Very Small | Very Small |
Diet Pill | 0.1 | NS | 0.2 | Very Small | NS | Small |
Unhealthy Diet | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | Very Small | Small | Small |
Gluten Free Diet | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | Very Small | Small | Very Small |
Vegetarian/Vegan Diets | 0.1 | NS | 0.2 | Very Small | NS | Small |
Diet Education | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | Small | Small | Very Small |
Recipes | NS | 0.2 | 0.2 | NS | Small | Small |
Balanced Diet | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | Small | Small | Very Small |
Paleo/HCG Diets | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | Very Small | Very Small | Small |
Healthy Diet | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | Very Small | Small | Small |
Physical Activity | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | Small | Small | Small |
Mediterranean Diet | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | Small | Very Small | Small |
Detox | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | Very Small | Small | Very Small |
Ketogenic/LCHF Diets | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | Very Small | Small | Small |
Obesity | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | Very Small | Very Small | Small |
Celebrity Diets | NS | 0.2 | 0.2 | NS | Small | Small |
Diet Change | 0.1 | NS | 0.1 | Very Small | NS | Very Small |
Nutrient Information | NS | 0.3 | 0.3 | NS | Small | Small |
No-Sugar Diet | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | Small | Very Small | Small |
Atkins Diet | 0.2 | NS | 0.2 | Small | NS | Small |
Healthy Diet Planning | NS | 0.2 | 0.2 | NS | Small | Small |
Yo-Yo Dieting | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Small | Very Small | Very Small |
AAA Diet | NS | 0.3 | 0.4 | NS | Small | Small |
Fitness Inspiration | NS | 0.3 | 0.3 | NS | Small | Small |
Fitness Program | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | Small | Small | Small |
Fitness Information | NS | 0.2 | 0.1 | NS | Small | Very Small |
Dietary Log | NS | 0.2 | 0.2 | NS | Small | Small |
Topics | Rank among Top-10 Topics | Class | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dem (D) | Rep (R) | Swing (S) | ||
Self-Monitoring | - | 8 | 9 | RS |
Weight Loss | 4 | - | - | D |
Diet Information | - | - | 10 | S |
Diabetes | 9 | - | - | D |
Diet Sodas | 7 | 1 | 1 | DRS |
Diet Promotion | - | - | 7 | S |
Unhealthy Diet | 8 | 2 | 2 | DRS |
Gluten-Free Diet | - | 6 | - | R |
Balanced Diet | - | 5 | - | R |
Healthy Diet | - | 7 | 4 | RS |
Physical Activity | 1 | - | - | D |
Mediterranean Diet | 6 | 9 | 6 | DRS |
Nutrient Information | 5 | - | - | D |
No-Sugar Diet | - | 10 | 8 | RS |
AAA Diet | 2 | - | - | D |
Fitness Inspiration | 3 | - | - | D |
Fitness Program | 10 | 3 | 5 | DRS |
Dietary Log | - | 4 | 3 | RS |
Category | Behavior and Lifestyle | Health Information | Chronic Condition | Type of Diet |
---|---|---|---|---|
Topics | Self-Monitoring Diet Sodas Unhealthy Diet Dietary Log Diet Promotion Physical Activity Healthy Diet Planning Fitness Inspiration Fitness Program Dietary Log | Weight Loss Diet Information Diet Pill Diet Education Recipes Healthy Diet Information Celebrity Diets Diet Change Nutrient Information No-Sugar Diet Fitness Information | Diabetes Obesity | Gluten-Free Diet Vegetarian/Vegan Diets Balanced Diet Paleo/HCG Diets Mediterranean Diet Detox Ketogenic/LCHF Diets Atkins Diet Yo-Yo Dieting AAA Diet |
Category | ANOVA | Tukey Multiple Comparison Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | |
Behavior and Lifestyle | 28.1 * | * Rep > Swing | NS | * Dem > Swing |
Health Information | 453.1 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep < Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Chronic Condition | 94.4 * | * Rep < Swing | * Rep < Dem | NS |
Type of Diet | 74.4 * | * Rep > Swing | * Rep > Dem | * Dem > Swing |
Category | Mean of Cohen’s d of Sample Sizes | Effect Size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | Rep vs. Swing | Rep vs. Dem | Dem vs. Swing | |
Behavior and Lifestyle | 0.1 | NS | 0.1 | Very Small | NS | Very Small |
Health Information | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | Small | Small | Small |
Chronic Condition | 0.2 | 0.1 | NS | Small | Very Small | NS |
Type of Diet | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Small | Very Small | Very Small |
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Karami, A.; Dahl, A.A.; Shaw, G., Jr.; Valappil, S.P.; Turner-McGrievy, G.; Kharrazi, H.; Bozorgi, P. Analysis of Social Media Discussions on (#)Diet by Blue, Red, and Swing States in the U.S. Healthcare 2021, 9, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050518
Karami A, Dahl AA, Shaw G Jr., Valappil SP, Turner-McGrievy G, Kharrazi H, Bozorgi P. Analysis of Social Media Discussions on (#)Diet by Blue, Red, and Swing States in the U.S. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050518
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarami, Amir, Alicia A. Dahl, George Shaw, Jr., Sruthi Puthan Valappil, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, Hadi Kharrazi, and Parisa Bozorgi. 2021. "Analysis of Social Media Discussions on (#)Diet by Blue, Red, and Swing States in the U.S." Healthcare 9, no. 5: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050518