The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Epidemiology
2.2. All-Cause Mortality
2.3. Sleep Duration Recommendations by Age
2.4. Pathophysiology
2.5. Contributing Factors
3. Results: Manifestations of Insufficient Sleep
3.1. Cognitive Effects
3.2. Mood and Judgment
3.3. Sleepiness and Microsleep
3.4. Effects on Respiratory Physiology
3.5. Wakefulness and Vigilance
3.6. Tiredness and Fatigue
3.7. Effects on Mental Health
3.8. Increased Incidence of Cardiovascular Morbidity
3.9. Effects on the Immune System
3.10. Obesity and Metabolism
3.11. Increased Risk for Diabetes Mellitus
3.12. Migraine
3.13. Clinical Burnout
3.14. Increased Risk of Cancers
3.15. Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Shift Workers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Issues and Impairments Associated with Sleep Deprivation | Comments | References |
---|---|---|
Hypertension | Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased risk of hypertension | Schlafer et al., 2014 [66] |
Cardiovascular incidents | Sleep-deprived people are at greater risk for coronary heart disease | Ayas et al., 2003 [67] |
Increased heart attacks | Janszky and Ljung, 2008 [68] | |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) | Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased risk of hypertension | Schlafer et al., 2014 [66] |
Depression | Increases the risk of developing depression | Chen et al., 2012 [69] |
Increases the relapse of depression | Howland, 2011 [70]; Okun et al., 2011 [71] | |
High reporting of depressive symptoms among students | O’Brien, 2005 [72]; Catrett, 2009 [73] | |
Anxiety, depression, and withdrawal increased depression among adolescents | Coulombe et al., 2010 [74]; Pallesen et al.,2011 [11]; Lund et al., 2010 [75]; Roberts et al., 2009 [76] | |
Obesity | Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased risk of obesity | Schlafer et al., 2014 [66] |
Suffer more obesity | Taheri et al., 2004 [29] | |
Increased obesity among adolescents by 80% | Gupta et al., 2002 [77] | |
Cancer | Linked to an increased risk of cancer | Markt S.C. et al., 2015 [61]; Lehrer S. et al., 2013 [62] |
Mortality risks | Die at an early age | Kripe et al., 2002 [78] |
Cognitive performance | Impairs visuomotor performance | Paula Alhola and Paivi Kantola, 2007 [79] |
Impairment in saccadic eye movements | Bocca and Denise, 2006 [80] | |
Increases rigid thinking, perseveration errors, and difficulties in utilizing new information in complex tasks | Harrison and Horne, 1999 [81] | |
Affects high-level cognitive executive functions | Beebe, 2011 [82] | |
Memory | Impaired performance in probed force memory recall and memory search | Wright and Badia, 1999 [83] McCarthy and Waters, 1997 [84] |
Deterioration of temporal memory for recall of faces after 36 h of sleep deprivation | Harrison and Horne, 2000 [85] | |
Mood | Suffer negative moods | Dinges et al., 1997 [86] |
Thinking | Sleep loss produces temporary changes in cerebral metabolism, cognition, emotion, and behavior consistent with mild prefrontal lobe dysfunction | Killgore et al., 2008 [87] |
Learning and academic performance | Poor declarative and procedural learning in students, but once sleep was optimized, improvement in academic performance noted | Curcio et al., 2006 [88] |
Vigilance | Feedback blunting could be caused by general, downstream impairments from loss of vigilant attention due to sleep deprivation | Lim and Dinges, 2010 [89] |
Reaction time | Greater subjective reliance on avoidance as a coping strategy was associated with greater deterioration in performance | Saadat et al., 2017 [90] |
Personal injury | Decreased duration led to increased work-related injury | Lombardi et al., 2010 [91] |
Traffic accidents | Increased risk of traffic accidents | de Mello et al., 2013 [92]; Pandi-Perumal et al., 2006 [93] |
Increased traffic accidents among doctors under study | Steele et al., 1999 [94]; Schlafer et al., 2014 [66] | |
More likely to be involved in vehicular crashes | Drake et al., 2010 [95] | |
Increased auto accidents | Coren, 1996 [96] | |
Increased car accidents among adolescents | National sleep foundation, 2006 [97] | |
Industrial accidents | Increased workplace injuries | Barnes and Wagner, 2009 [98]; Lahti et al., 2006 [99]; Kantermann et al., 2007 [100] |
Medical errors | Sleep disturbances and internship-enforced short sleep increased risk of depression development and chronicity and medical errors | Kalmbach et al. 2017 [101] |
Decision making | Deterioration in decision-making | Linde et.al., 1999 [102] |
Less effective in making decisions | Killgore et al., 2006 [103] | |
Affects decision-making | Harrison, 2000 [85] | |
Moral judgement | Moral reasoning was severely impaired during partial sleep deprivation | Olsen et. al., 2010 [104] |
Lack of sleep is associated with low moral awareness | Christopher Barnes et al., 2014 [105] |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Chattu, V.K.; Manzar, M.D.; Kumary, S.; Burman, D.; Spence, D.W.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R. The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications. Healthcare 2019, 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010001
Chattu VK, Manzar MD, Kumary S, Burman D, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR. The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications. Healthcare. 2019; 7(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleChattu, Vijay Kumar, Md. Dilshad Manzar, Soosanna Kumary, Deepa Burman, David Warren Spence, and Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal. 2019. "The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications" Healthcare 7, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010001