Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tick Collection
2.2. Molecular Tick Identification
2.3. Spirochete Detection
3. Results
3.1. Tick Collection
3.2. Molecular Tick Identification
3.3. Spirochete Detection
3.4. Spirochete Amplicon Sequences
4. Discussion
4.1. Photoperiod to Molt Blacklegged Ticks
4.2. Obstacles Facing Migratory Songbirds
4.3. Bird Parasitism during Spring Migration
4.4. Spirochete-Positive Blacklegged Ticks in Central Manitoba
4.5. Bird-Feeding Ticks Positive for Lyme Disease Spirochete in Québec
4.6. Songbird-Transported Ticks Infected with Lyme Disease Bacterium in Alberta
4.7. Ticks Positive for Lyme Disease Spirochete in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
4.8. Ticks Infected with Lyme Disease Spirochete in Newfoundland and Labrador
4.9. Songbirds Establish Tick Populations
4.10. Viability of B. burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Bird-Feeding Ticks
4.11. Implications of Human Lyme Disease
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bird Species | No. of Birds | Hlp | Iaf | Imu | Isc | No. Ticks | No. Ticks | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | N | N | L | F | L | N | Collected | Pos/Tested (%) | |||||
Eastern white-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster) | 1 | - | - | 0/1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0/1 (0) | |||
Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia (Wilson) | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0/1 | 1/1 | 2 | 1/2 (50) | |||
Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (L.) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/1 | 1 | 1/1 (100) | |||
Northern House Wren, Troglodytes aedon (Vieillot) | 4 | - | - | 0/1 | 0/3 | - | 3/5 | 9 | 3/9 (33) | ||||
Hermit Thrush, Catharus guttatus (Pallas) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/1 | 1 | 0/1 (0) | |||
Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana (Latham) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/1 | 1 | 0/1 (0) | |||
Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (L.) | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/2 | 2 | 0/2 (0) | |||
White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) | 3 | - | - | - | - | 0/1 | - | 1/4 | 5 | 1/5 (20) | |||
Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (Gmelin) | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/3 | 3 | 1/3 (33) | |||
Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas (L.) | 10 | - | - | 0/2 | - | - | - | 8/17 | 19 | 8/19 (42) | |||
Magnolia Warbler, Setophaga magnolia (Wilson) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/2 | 2 | 0/2 (0) | |||
Veery, Catharus fuscescens (Stephens) | 2 | - | - | 0/1 | - | - | 0/1 | 0/3 | 5 | 0/5 (0) | |||
Gray-cheeked Thrush, Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye) | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/2 | 2 | 1/2 (50) | |||
Swainson’s Thrush, Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall) | 5 | 5 † | 1 † | - | - | - | 0/2 | 6/9 | 17 | 6/11 (55) | |||
Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea (L.) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/4 | 4 | 1/4 (25) | |||
Mourning Warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia (Wilson) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/2 | 2 | 0/2 (0) | |||
Dark-eyed Junco, Junco hyemalis (L.) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/2 | 2 | 1/2 (50) | |||
Lincoln’s Sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon) | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/3 | 3 | 0/3 (0) | |||
Chipping Sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein) | 1 | 0/4 | 0/2 | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 0/6 (0) | |||
Gray Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis (L.) | 1 | - | - | - | 2 ‡ | - | - | - | 2 | 0/1 (0) | |||
Total: 20 species | 44 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 24/62 (39) | 89 | 24/87 (28) |
Tick No. | Geographic Location | Prov. | Site | Host | GenBank Accession No. | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17-5A4 | Ruthven Park | ON | 7 | Song Sparrow | MG952944 | JEF |
17-5A6 | Ruthven Park | ON | 7 | Brown Thrasher | MG958137 | JEF |
17-5A7B | Ste-Anne-de-Belleville | QC | 4 | Northern House Wren | MG958138 | JEF |
CN17-5A32 | Toronto | ON | 6 | Northern House Wren | MH290726 | KLC |
CN17-5A35 | Toronto | ON | 6 | Ovenbird | MH290727 | KLC |
CN17-5A38 | Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue | QC | 4 | Northern Waterthrush | MH290728 | KLC |
CN17-5A39-2 | Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue | QC | 4 | Common Yellowthroat † | MH290729 | KLC |
CN17-5A42-1 | Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue | QC | 4 | Common Yellowthroat † | MH290730 | KLC |
CN17-5A51A, C | Swan River | MB | 10 | Swainson’s Thrush | MH290731–MH290732 | KLC |
CN17-5A62-2 | Long Point | ON | 8 | Indigo Bunting | MH290733 | KLC |
CN17-5A74-2 | McKellar Island | ON | 9 | Dark-eyed Junco | MH290734 | KLC |
CN17-5A77B-2, 3 | Toronto | ON | 5 | Swainson’s Thrush | MH290735–MH290736 | KLC |
17-5A80A, B | Peace River | AB | 12 | Swainson’s Thrush | MG967647–MG967648 | JEF |
17-5A81A, B | Middle River | NS | 3 | Common Yellowthroat | MG967649–MG967650 | JEF |
17-5A82B, C | Grand Bank | NL | 1 | Common Yellowthroat | MG967651–MG967652 | JEF |
CN17-5A83B | St. Albans | NL | 2 | Gray-cheeked Thrush | MH 290737 | KLC |
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Scott, J.D.; Clark, K.L.; Foley, J.E.; Bierman, B.C.; Durden, L.A. Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada. Healthcare 2018, 6, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030089
Scott JD, Clark KL, Foley JE, Bierman BC, Durden LA. Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada. Healthcare. 2018; 6(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030089
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott, John D., Kerry L. Clark, Janet E. Foley, Bradley C. Bierman, and Lance A. Durden. 2018. "Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada" Healthcare 6, no. 3: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030089