The Socio-Ecological Factors of Physical Activity Participation in Preschool-Aged Children with Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variable
2.2.2. Intrapersonal Level
2.2.3. Interpersonal Level
2.2.4. Organizational Level
2.2.5. Environmental Level
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PA Participation
3.2. Decision Tree Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 5286) | PAP (n = 2556) | No PAP (n = 2730) | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child age (%) | 3 years (n = 625) | 11.83 | 23.96 | 76.04 | 1431.63 | <0.001 |
4 years (n = 4659) | 88.17 | 51.64 | 48.36 | |||
Child sex (%) | Boys (n = 3335) | 63.11 | 58.18 | 41.82 | 140.42 | <0.001 |
Girls (n = 1949) | 36.89 | 31.55 | 68.45 | |||
Disability level (%) | Severe (n = 3839) | 72.63 | 42.54 | 57.46 | 117.34 | <0.001 |
Mild (n = 1446) | 27.37 | 63.83 | 36.17 | |||
Disability type (%) | ASD (n = 421) | 7.96 | 62.23 | 37.77 | 1641.98 | <0.001 |
Cerebral palsy (n = 1865) | 35.28 | 47.29 | 52.71 | |||
ID (n = 814) | 15.40 | 100 | 0 | |||
Language Disorder (n = 1315) | 24.88 | 43.50 | 56.50 | |||
Hearing impairment (n = 646) | 12.22 | 0 | 100.00 | |||
Others (n = 225) | 4.26 | 11.56 | 88.44 | |||
Monthly income (KRW 10,000; %) | 150–299 (n = 1641) | 27.44 | 64.96 | 35.04 | 2017.66 | <0.001 |
300–400 (n = 2269) | 42.94 | 23.62 | 76.38 | |||
401–600 (n = 1090) | 20.62 | 87.43 | 12.57 | |||
>601 (n = 285) | 9.00 | 0 | 100.00 |
PA frequency (%) | Two times/week | More than three times/week | Almost everyday | |||||
33.0 | 43.60 | 22.60 | ||||||
PA minutes | Mean | Median | ||||||
34.78 | 30.00 | |||||||
PA places (%) | Home | Outside | Private PA center | Public PA center | Disability PA center | Others | ||
38.99 | 14.26 | 10.80 | 15.58 | 18.54 | 1.83 | |||
PA types (%) | Walking | Stretching | Balance activity | Bicycling or tricycling | Swimming | Others | ||
14.26 | 25.94 | 32.55 | 15.58 | 6.76 | 4.92 |
Economic Issue | No Time | Lack of Disability Programs | Lack of Professionals Knowledgeable About Disabilities | Lack of Information | No Community-Based PA Center | PA Is Not Priority | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.97 | 3.83 | 24.46 | 28.78 | 9.91 | 5.00 | 19.75 | 6.31 |
All (n = 5286; %) | PAP (n = 2556; %) | No PAP (n = 2730; %) | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interpersonal level | ||||||
Brothers and sisters | Yes | 46.06 | 63.48 | 35.46 | 414.19 | <0.001 |
No | 53.94 | 36.52 | 64.54 | |||
Grandparents | Yes | 11.17 | 7.97 | 92.03 | 3728.21 | <0.001 |
No | 88.83 | 46.56 | 53.44 | |||
Organizational level | ||||||
Physical therapy | Yes | 35.28 | 47.29 | 52.71 | 15.24 | <0.001 |
No | 64.72 | 48.95 | 51.05 | |||
Pre-kindergarten | Yes | 37.36 | 56.94 | 43.06 | 100.71 | <0.001 |
No | 62.64 | 43.25 | 56.75 | |||
Environmental level | ||||||
Living area | Rural | 51.57 | 52.90 | 47.10 | 17.46 | <0.001 |
Urban | 48.43 | 43.53 | 56.47 | |||
Government support | High | 42.64 | 54.33 | 45.67 | 39.30 | <0.001 |
Low | 57.36 | 43.91 | 56.09 |
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Sung, M.-C.; Mahmoudkhani, M.; Ku, B. The Socio-Ecological Factors of Physical Activity Participation in Preschool-Aged Children with Disabilities. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091081
Sung M-C, Mahmoudkhani M, Ku B. The Socio-Ecological Factors of Physical Activity Participation in Preschool-Aged Children with Disabilities. Healthcare. 2025; 13(9):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091081
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung, Ming-Chih, Mohammadreza Mahmoudkhani, and Byungmo Ku. 2025. "The Socio-Ecological Factors of Physical Activity Participation in Preschool-Aged Children with Disabilities" Healthcare 13, no. 9: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091081
APA StyleSung, M.-C., Mahmoudkhani, M., & Ku, B. (2025). The Socio-Ecological Factors of Physical Activity Participation in Preschool-Aged Children with Disabilities. Healthcare, 13(9), 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091081