Key Performance Indicators for Service Robotics in Senior Community-Based Settings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Service Robotics as Gerontechnology
2.2. Digital Transformation of Senior Communities
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Mixed Methods Research (MMR)
- Phase 1—Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) are used to derive key performance indicators (KPIs) for service robotics in senior communities;
- Phase 2—The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to evaluate the relative importance of the identified key performance indicators.
3.2. Qualitative Research Utilizing Focus Group Interviews (FGIs)
3.3. Quantitative Research Using AHP
4. Research Results
4.1. FGI Analysis Results
4.2. AHP Verification
4.2.1. AHP Model Structure
4.2.2. AHP Analysis Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Stage | Key Activities |
---|---|---|
Phase 1 Qualitative Research | FGI Preparation | - Define research objectives; - Design questions and research methodology; - Recruit and select interview participants; - Send email notifications regarding research objectives and FGI procedures. |
1st FGI | - Introduction to service robotics; - Discussion and exchange of opinions on service robotics in senior communities. | |
2nd FGI | - Exploration of key performance indicators for service robotics in senior communities; - Classification of key performance indicators. | |
3rd FGI | - Derivation of key performance indicators (KPIs) for service robotics; - Definition of indicators and collection of additional feedback. | |
Phase 2 Quantitative Research | AHP Preparation | - Define research objectives; - Develop the survey questionnaire; - Recruit survey participants (senior community stakeholders, service robotics experts from academia, industry, and government). |
AHP Survey | - Distribute and collect 32 survey responses via email; - After coding and cleaning, 29 valid questionnaires were analyzed. | |
AHP Data Analysis | - Utilize Social Science Research Automation (SSRA) cloud service; - Conduct AHP of service robotics key performance indicators. |
Field | Affiliation | Position | Experience | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Senior Welfare, ** University | Professor | 25 years | Panel #1 |
Regional Policy, ** Research Institute | Research Manager | 8 years | Panel #2 | |
Business Planning, **** Senior Residence | Developer | 13 years | Panel #3 | |
B | Computer Engineering, *** University | Professor | 11 years | Panel #4 |
Technology Commercialization, ** Province Office | Service Planner | 22 years | Panel #5 | |
AI and Data Science, ** University | Senior Researcher | 10 years | Panel #6 |
Category | Number (n) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 19 | 65.5 |
Female | 10 | 34.5 | |
Age | 40 and under | 6 | 20.7 |
40s | 10 | 34.5 | |
50s | 11 | 37.9 | |
60 and above | 2 | 6.9 | |
Occupation | Professor | 8 | 27.6 |
Researcher | 3 | 10.3 | |
Government Official | 4 | 13.8 | |
Public Institution Staff | 3 | 10.3 | |
Service Robotics Practitioner | 4 | 13.8 | |
Senior Community Practitioner | 5 | 17.2 | |
Industry Fields * | Human Health and Social Work Activities | 8 | 27.6 |
Administrative and Support Service Activities | 6 | 20.7 | |
Information and Communication | 4 | 13.8 | |
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities | 6 | 20.7 | |
Manufacturing and Engineering | 5 | 17.2 | |
Total | 29 | 100 |
Categorization | Key Transcriptions | Remark |
---|---|---|
Technical Performance | “the robot works should work well without error” | Panel #4 |
“navigation performance is the most important. especially for the senior community, the ability to avoid obstacles in narrow spaces is essential”. | Panel #1 | |
“sensors recognize the surrounding environment while working properly” | Panel #3 | |
“AI-based learning skills need to be improved. As interactions with the user are repeated, the robot must recognize the pattern and adapt automatically”. | Panel #6 | |
“be easy to fix when it breaks down” | Panel #5 | |
User-Centered Performance | “the button is simple for the elderly to use, and the operation should be easy” | Panel #3 |
“ease of use is the key. A simple interface and clear voice guidance are needed for seniors to use”. | Panel #2 | |
“even those with physical disabilities use it easily”. | Panel #1 | |
“need a personalization system that can adjust the function to the user’s needs”. | Panel #4 | |
Service Efficiency | “finish the work well on time without any problems” | Panel #3 |
“Slow response can lead to poor reliability. Rescue is needed to respond quickly, especially in emergency situations”. | Panel #2 | |
“work well all day, or for the time needed for the service“ | Panel #5 | |
“While robots are taking over the job, employees can focus on more important interpersonal services”. | Panel #6 | |
Economic and Operational Performance | “Even if initial costs are high, low maintenance costs should be beneficial in the long run”. | Panel #3 |
“the cost of electricity and maintenance should be appropriate”. | Panel #4 | |
“based on the ROI, efficient results should be achieved”. | Panel #5 | |
“Scalability is also important. Software integration is needed to make it easier for one robot to operate in other facilities”. | Panel #6 | |
Social and Psychological Impact | “Seniors feel lonely a lot. For a robot to play an emotional role, it needs emotion recognition and empathy”. | Panel #1 |
“Robots need to become not just machines that perform tasks, but helpers that promote social interaction”. | Panel #2 | |
“even if the robot approaches, it should not be anxious and feel friendly”. | Panel #3 | |
“improve the quality of life of the elderly” | Panel #5 | |
Ethical and Safety Considerations | “Privacy is essential. In particular, information related to healthcare requires encryption storage and access control”. | Panel #4 |
“ethical standards must be established and complied with when interacting with the elderly”. | Panel #2 | |
“In the event of an emergency, the robot should be able to recognize it quickly, take appropriate action, or ask for help from the outside”. | Panel #3 | |
“A regular inspection system should be in place to ensure that the service robot complies with legal regulations”. | Panel #1 |
Key Performance Indicators | Operational Definitions |
---|---|
Technical Performance |
|
User-Centered Performance |
|
Service Efficiency |
|
Economic and Operational Performance |
|
Social and Psychological Impact |
|
Ethical and Safety Considerations: |
|
Item | λ-max | C.I. | C. Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Goal | 6.02025 | 0.00405 | 0.00327 |
TPE | UCP | SPI | ESP | EOP | SEF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPE a | 1.000 | 1.375 | 1.511 | 1.843 | 2.035 | 2.258 |
UCP b | 0.727 | 1.000 | 1.143 | 1.838 | 1.666 | 1.799 |
SPI c | 0.662 | 0.875 | 1.000 | 1.252 | 1.167 | 1.596 |
ESP d | 0.543 | 0.544 | 0.798 | 1.000 | 1.238 | 1.484 |
EOP e | 0.491 | 0.6 | 0.857 | 0.808 | 1.000 | 1.237 |
SEF f | 0.443 | 0.556 | 0.626 | 0.674 | 0.808 | 1.000 |
Category | Subcategory | Importance (%) | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|
Service Robotics | Technical Performance | 0.256 | 1 |
User-Centered Performance | 0.205 | 2 | |
Social and Psychological Impact | 0.167 | 3 | |
Ethical and Safety Performance | 0.139 | 4 | |
Economic and Operational Performance | 0.126 | 5 | |
Service Efficiency | 0.105 | 6 |
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Ji, Y.; Moon, J.; Kim, Y. Key Performance Indicators for Service Robotics in Senior Community-Based Settings. Healthcare 2025, 13, 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070770
Ji Y, Moon J, Kim Y. Key Performance Indicators for Service Robotics in Senior Community-Based Settings. Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):770. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070770
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Yunho, Joonho Moon, and YoungJun Kim. 2025. "Key Performance Indicators for Service Robotics in Senior Community-Based Settings" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070770
APA StyleJi, Y., Moon, J., & Kim, Y. (2025). Key Performance Indicators for Service Robotics in Senior Community-Based Settings. Healthcare, 13(7), 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070770