Exploring Factors Associated with Health Status and Dietary Supplement Use Among Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Health Status and Self-Care Practices Stratified by Sex
3.3. Health Status and Self-Care Practices Stratified by Age Group
3.4. Medication and Dietary Supplement Use by Type, Sex, and Age Group
3.5. Factors Associated with Health Status and the Type of Dietary Supplements Used
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
- Accurate and informative labeling: Enforce the use of informative labels regarding ingredients and potential medication interactions.
- Adverse effects reporting: Establish a platform for reporting adverse events related to dietary supplements.
- Monitoring by healthcare professionals: Encourage professionals to monitor their patients’ use of dietary supplements.
- Prospective epidemiological and interventional studies examining dietary supplementation in older adults and individuals with multiple health conditions are encouraged;
- Studies should assess healthcare professionals’ knowledge and practices regarding dietary supplements, as well as identifying gaps and barriers in healthcare–patient communication about dietary supplementation.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body mass index |
CAM | Complementary and alternative medicine |
CI | Confidence interval |
CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
OR | Odds ratio |
References
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Participants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | |||||
Characteristics | Total N = 449 | Female 330 (73) | Male 119 (27) | p Value | Cramér’s V |
Diagnosed disease | 0.017 | 0.11 | |||
No | 288 (64) | 201 (61) | 87 (73) | ||
Yes | 161 (36) | 129 (39) | 32 (27) | ||
Diagnosed disease, N | 0.018 | 0.22 | |||
1 disease | 118 (73) | 99 (77) | 19 (59) | ||
2 diseases | 22 (14) | 18 (14) | 4 (13 | ||
≥3 diseases | 21 (13) | 12 (9) | 9 (28) | ||
Mental health conditions | 0.62 | -- | |||
No | 115 (71) | 91 (71) | 24 (75) | ||
Yes | 46 (29) | 38 (29) | 8 (25) | ||
BMI categories | <0.001 | 0.22 | |||
Normal weight | 284 (63) | 229 (70) | 55 (46) | ||
Overweight | 110 (25) | 65 (20) | 45 (38) | ||
Obese | 44 (10) | 27 (8) | 17 (14) | ||
Underweight | 10 (2) | 8 (2) | 2 (2) | ||
Self-perceived health | 0.91 | -- | |||
Good | 310 (69) | 228 (69) | 82 (69) | ||
Very good | 83 (18) | 62 (19) | 21 (18) | ||
Fair | 56 (12) | 40 (12) | 16 (13) | ||
Medication use | <0.001 | 0.19 | |||
No | 335 (75) | 230 (70) | 105 (88) | ||
Yes | 114 (25) | 100 (30) | 14 (12) | ||
Medication, N | 0.45 | -- | |||
1 medication | 84 (74) | 73 (73) | 11 (79) | ||
2 medications | 20 (18) | 19 (19) | 1 (7) | ||
≥3 medications | 10 (9) | 8 (8) | 2 (14) | ||
Dietary supplement use | <0.001 | 0.26 | |||
No | 220 (49) | 136 (41) | 84 (71) | ||
Yes | 229 (51) | 194 (59) | 35 (29) | ||
Dietary supplement type | <0.001 | 0.26 | |||
(1) Multivitamin–mineral supplements | 132 (29) | 115 (35) | 17 (14) | ||
(2) Other supplements | 44 (10) | 36 (11) | 8 (7) | ||
(3) Both types of supplements | 53 (12) | 43 (13) | 10 (8) |
Multivitamin–Mineral Supplement | Both Supplement Types | No Use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Sex | ||||||
Male (vs. Female) | 0.67 (0.27–1.67) | 0.65 (0.25–1.70) | 1.05 (0.37–2.93) | 1.00 (0.35–2.87) | 2.78 (1.23–6.27) | 2.14 (0.92–4.96) |
Age Groups, Years | ||||||
30–39 (vs. 18–29) | 1.70 (0.66–4.38) | 1.81 (0.69–4.76) | 1.74 (0.56–5.42) | 1.82 (0.58–5.69) | 0.88 (0.35–2.18) | 0.91 (0.36–2.33) |
40–60 (vs. 18–29) | 1.24 (0.57–2.74) | 1.40 (0.62–3.14) | 1.74 (0.68–4.43) | 1.87 (0.72–4.82) | 0.85 (0.41–1.78) | 0.94 (0.44–2.02) |
60+ (vs. 18–29) | 7.24 (0.89–58.63) | 7.15 (0.85–60.30) | 6.33 (0.67–60.17) | 6.33 (0.64–62.64) | 2.09 (0.25–17.16) | 3.21 (0.36–28.46) |
Diagnosed Diseases | ||||||
Yes (vs. No) | 1.03 (0.52–2.04) | 0.70 (0.34–1.47) | 0.96 (0.43–2.14) | 0.75 (0.32–1.76) | 0.26 (0.13–0.52) | 0.34 (0.17–0.69) |
Medication Use | ||||||
Yes (vs. No) | 2.38 (1.15–4.96) | 2.35 (1.08–5.12) | 1.45 (0.62–3.39) | 1.50 (0.60–3.72) | 0.17 (0.08–0.40) | 0.25 (0.10–0.60) |
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Leal, S.; Sousa, A.C.; Valdiviesso, R.; Pádua, I.; Gonçalves, V.M.F.; Ribeiro, C. Exploring Factors Associated with Health Status and Dietary Supplement Use Among Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Healthcare 2025, 13, 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070769
Leal S, Sousa AC, Valdiviesso R, Pádua I, Gonçalves VMF, Ribeiro C. Exploring Factors Associated with Health Status and Dietary Supplement Use Among Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):769. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070769
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeal, Sandra, Ana Catarina Sousa, Rui Valdiviesso, Inês Pádua, Virgínia M. F. Gonçalves, and Cláudia Ribeiro. 2025. "Exploring Factors Associated with Health Status and Dietary Supplement Use Among Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070769
APA StyleLeal, S., Sousa, A. C., Valdiviesso, R., Pádua, I., Gonçalves, V. M. F., & Ribeiro, C. (2025). Exploring Factors Associated with Health Status and Dietary Supplement Use Among Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Healthcare, 13(7), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070769