Effect of a Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training Program and Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Metabolic Parameters and Functional Capacity in HIV-Infected Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Approval of the Study
2.2. Randomization and Blinding
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Funcional Capacity Measurements
2.5. Blood Sample Collection and Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics |
ET + Placebo n = 10 |
ET + GKB n = 10 |
ET + Statin n = 8 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age, years (SD) | 41.8 ± 11.0 | 41.8 ± 7.0 | 40.5 ± 10.5 | 0.949 |
Weight (kg) | 80.7 ± 13.3 | 75.9 ± 12.4 | 76.2 ± 12.5 | 0.277 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 91.6 ± 13.6 | 90.0 ± 10.5 | 87.2 ± 6.5 | 0.695 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.10 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.253 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.906 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 ± 4.1 | 26.6 ± 4.2 | 25.7 ± 2.6 | 0.854 |
Sum of 8 skinfolds (mm) | 118.8 ± 47.7 | 127.6 ± 40.8 | 129.6 ± 43.9 | 0.855 |
Body fat mass (%) | 26.0 ± 5.5 | 24.9 ± 4.2 | 25.7 ± 2.6 | 0.854 |
Lean body mass (%) | 39.0 ± 6.4 | 40.3 ± 4.9 | 40.2 ± 3.4 | 0.827 |
Bone mass (%) | 13.7 ± 1.4 | 14.3 ± 1.5 | 14.2 ± 0.8 | 0.560 |
Absolute CD4+ T Cell count/μL, mean | 534.3 ± 310.4 | 694.2 ± 310.1 | 570.6 ± 154.6 | 0.171 |
HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL), mean | 34.5 (28.7–39.0) | 31.0 (31.0–34.2) | 35.0 (31.0–39.0) | 0.394 |
Total billirrubin (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.4 | 0.63 ± 0.2 | 0.58 ± 0.2 | 0.683 |
Direct billirrubin (mg/dL) | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.335 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 0.933 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.518 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 0.374 |
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 31.8 ± 11.2 | 36.8 ± 55.0 | 18.7 ± 5.4 | 0.024 * |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 22.0 ± 5.9 | 30.1 ± 29.0 | 17.2 ± 4.5 | 0.061 |
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/L) | 45.8 ± 31.0 | 35.7 ± 32.4 | 27.3 ± 15.7 | 0.273 |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 79.7 ± 21.4 | 73.6 ± 14.8 | 69.2 ± 19.5 | 0.533 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 159.1 ± 35.7 | 174.1 ± 41.2 | 156.8 ± 22.7 | 0.514 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 34.0 ± 10.9 | 28.3 ± 7.7 | 41.2 ± 11.2 | 0.039 * |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.8 ± 5.0 | 13.2 ± 3.5 | 19.3 ± 3.5 | 0.035 * |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 0.096 ± 0.12 | 1.04 ± 0.19 | 0.213 |
Prothrombin time | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 11.0 ± 0.4 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 0.824 |
INR | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.258 |
Partial thromboplastin time | 32.4 ± 2.5 | 33.6 ± 4.5 | 31.4 ± 2.7 | 0.487 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 421.4 ± 73.9 | 459.0 ± 93.6 | 422.6 ± 82.9 | 0.559 |
Characteristics |
ET + Placebo
n = 10 |
ET+ GKB
n = 10 |
ET+ Statin
n = 8 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −11.5 ± 33.2 | −12.3 ± 20.9 | −53.7 ± 63.9 | 0.044 * |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.5 ± 9.1 | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 1.8 ± 7.9 | 0.882 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | −8.9 ± 25.3 | −4.3 ± 20.5 | −44.0 ± 32.5 | 0.426 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −9.5 ± 93.9 | −27.0 ± 90.1 | −0.8 ± 141.5 | 0.522 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | −5.9 ± 22.2 | −2.4 ± 11.1 | −2.6 ± 19.6 | 0.687 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | −4.4 ± 20.5 | −3.0 ± 2.7 | −0.9 ± 2.2 | 0.107 |
Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%) | −0.0 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.340 |
HOMA-IR † | −2.9 ± 10.0 | −0.7 ± 0.7 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.119 |
Triglycerides/HDL-c ratio | 0.1 ± 2.6 | −1.4 ± 3.0 | −0.6 ± 3.4 | 0.903 |
Variable |
ET + Placebo n = 10 |
ET + GKB n = 10 |
ET + Statin n = 8 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basal | Final | p Value | Basal | Final | p Value | Basal | Final | p Value | |
VO2Máx † | 47.9 ± 5.3 | 59.9 ± 8.9 | 0.001 ** | 46.5 ± 10.1 | 55.0 ± 7.4 | 0.002 ** | 45.0 ± 4.2 | 58.9 ± 7.0 | 0.000 *** |
Grip strength in non-dominant hand (Kg) | 31.2 ± 5.4 | 33.3 ± 9.0 | 0.333 † | 61.9 ± 90.1 | 33.4 ± 4.9 | 0.674 † | 34.2 ± 8.6 | 346 ± 6.4 | 0.838 |
Grip strength in dominant hand (Kg) | 33.7 ± 8.6 | 33.3 ± 11.9 | 0.849 | 34.4 ± 4.1 | 35.6 ± 6.1 | 0.380 | 35.6 ± 6.1 | 37.8 ± 6.1 | 0.297 |
Back strength (Kg) | 36.5 ± 20.7 | 42.8 ± 18.1 | 0.272 | 32.6 ± 11.4 | 40.0 ± 12.9 | 0.025 * | 39.3 ± 18.1 | 39.2 ± 15.0 | 0.978 |
Lower limb strength (Kg) | 37.7 ± 13.6 | 42.8 ± 16.0 | 0.434 | 35.4 ± 14.3 | 40.0 ± 14.7 | 0.161 | 36.5 ± 18.2 | 39.3 ± 14.3 | 0.635 |
Flexibility (cm) | 24.3 ± 10.4 | 24.5 ± 10.1 | 0.908 | 16.1 ± 7.4 | 17.5 ± 8.3 | 0.608 | 19.3 ± 7.8 | 25.0 ± 7.5 | 0.027 * |
Balance | 6.2 ± 5.1 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 0.053 | 2.3 ± 3.3 | 1.5 ± 2.5 | 0.461 † | 5.6 ± 5.7 | 4.7 ± 5.5 | 0.570 |
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Soria-Rodríguez, R.; Méndez-Magaña, J.; Torres-Castillo, N.; Martínez-López, E.; Jauregui-Ulloa, E.; López-Taylor, J.; Loera-Rodríguez, C.O.d.; Sigala-Arellano, R.; Amador-Lara, F. Effect of a Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training Program and Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Metabolic Parameters and Functional Capacity in HIV-Infected Subjects. Healthcare 2025, 13, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060663
Soria-Rodríguez R, Méndez-Magaña J, Torres-Castillo N, Martínez-López E, Jauregui-Ulloa E, López-Taylor J, Loera-Rodríguez COd, Sigala-Arellano R, Amador-Lara F. Effect of a Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training Program and Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Metabolic Parameters and Functional Capacity in HIV-Infected Subjects. Healthcare. 2025; 13(6):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060663
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoria-Rodríguez, Raúl, Javier Méndez-Magaña, Nathaly Torres-Castillo, Erika Martínez-López, Edtna Jauregui-Ulloa, Juan López-Taylor, Cesar O. de Loera-Rodríguez, Ramón Sigala-Arellano, and Fernando Amador-Lara. 2025. "Effect of a Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training Program and Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Metabolic Parameters and Functional Capacity in HIV-Infected Subjects" Healthcare 13, no. 6: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060663
APA StyleSoria-Rodríguez, R., Méndez-Magaña, J., Torres-Castillo, N., Martínez-López, E., Jauregui-Ulloa, E., López-Taylor, J., Loera-Rodríguez, C. O. d., Sigala-Arellano, R., & Amador-Lara, F. (2025). Effect of a Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training Program and Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Metabolic Parameters and Functional Capacity in HIV-Infected Subjects. Healthcare, 13(6), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060663