The Effect of Workplace Mobbing on Positive and Negative Emotions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience Among Nurses
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Emergency Department Nurses: A High-Risk Group
1.3. Mobbing in Healthcare Settings and Emergency Departments
1.4. Mobbing and Emotional Consequences
1.5. Emotional Experience in Emergency Departments
1.6. Psychological Resilience as a Mediator
1.7. Scope and Aims of the Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Place of Conduct
- High volume of emergency admissions, ensuring exposure to high-stress clinical environments, a factor known to influence workplace behaviors and dynamics [55];
- Presence of full-time ED nursing staff, ensuring consistency in participants’ work settings and minimizing variability due to shift-based or temporary personnel [56];
- Institutional willingness to participate, including administrative approval and ethical clearance, in accordance with standard protocols for healthcare research [57];
2.3. Study Sample
2.3.1. Inclusion Criteria
- Were employed full-time in an ED at one of the participating hospitals;
- Were licensed nursing personnel, including registered nurses and nurse assistants [61];
- Had a minimum of six months’ continuous service in their current ED position (to ensure adequate exposure to the environment) [62];
- Had sufficient proficiency in Greek to understand and complete the questionnaire;
- Provided informed written consent to participate in the study.
2.3.2. Exclusion Criteria
- Were on temporary leave, extended absence, or probationary contracts at the time of data collection;
- Held administrative or exclusively supervisory roles with minimal direct patient contact;
- Had less than six months of experience in the ED setting;
- Declined or failed to provide informed consent;
- Had participated in a similar survey within the past year (to reduce survey fatigue and response bias) [63].
2.4. Study Instruments
2.4.1. Workplace Psychological Violence Behavior (WPVB) Questionnaire
2.4.2. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
2.4.3. Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
- Personal competence, high standards, and tenacity—reflecting self-efficacy, persistence, and confidence in one’s problem-solving abilities.
- Trust in one’s instincts and tolerance of negative affect—encompassing adaptive emotional processing and intuitive decision-making.
- Positive acceptance of change and secure relationships—indicating flexibility, adaptability, and the ability to maintain meaningful interpersonal connections.
- Sense of control—measuring one’s perceived influence over life circumstances.
- Spiritual influences—capturing the role of faith or existential beliefs as sources of strength.
2.4.4. Demographic Questionnaire
2.5. Data Collection Process—Research Ethics
2.6. Statistical Analysis
- Workplace psychological violence behaviors (WPVB) subscale scores were computed by summing the responses within each domain (item range: 0–5), yielding both domain-specific and total scores, with higher scores reflecting greater exposure to psychological violence in the workplace.
- The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25) total resilience score was derived by summing all 25 items (score range: 0–100), where higher scores indicate greater psychological resilience [5].
- The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scores were calculated separately for the positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) subscales. Each subscale consists of 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = “very slightly or not at all” to 5 = “extremely”), with scores ranging from 10 to 50 per subscale. Higher PA scores reflect greater experience of positive emotions, while higher NA scores indicate more frequent negative emotional states [4].
- Workplace psychological violence (WPVB) functions as the independent variable;
- Resilience (CD-RISC-25) serves as the mediating variable;
- Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS) are considered the outcome variables.
3. Results
3.1. Specific Characteristics
3.2. Table 6—Mediation Analysis: Resilience as a Mediator
Predictor Variable | Indirect Effect (Via Resilience) | 95% CI (Indirect) | Direct Effect | 95% CI (Direct) | Mediation? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total WPVB Score | 0.029 | −0.001 to 0.080 | 0.121 | 0.064 to 0.178 | ✗ Not significant |
Attack on Personality | 0.088 | −0.010 to 0.214 | 0.409 | 0.218 to 0.601 | ✗ Not significant |
Attack on Professional Status | 0.098 | 0.008 to 0.246 | 0.319 | 0.136 to 0.502 | √ Partial mediation |
Individual’s Isolation from Work | 0.077 | −0.008 to 0.237 | 0.310 | 0.157 to 0.463 | ✗ Not significant |
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Findings of the Study—Summary
4.2. Detailed Discussion of the Research Findings
4.3. Resilience as a Protective Factor
4.4. Impact of Workplace Psychological Violence on Emotional Health
4.5. Sociodemographic and Health Factors Influencing Emotional Affect
4.6. Implications for Practice
4.7. Implications and Strengths
4.8. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CD-RISC | Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale |
DYPE | Regional Health Authority |
ED | Emergency Department |
ICC | Intraclass Correlation Coefficient |
SD | Standard Deviation |
SE | Standard Error |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
WHO | World Health Organization |
PANAS | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule |
WPVB | Workplace Psychologically Violent Behaviors Questionnaire |
IQR | Interquartile Range |
CI | Confidence Interval |
β | Beta Coefficient (used in regression analysis) |
α | Cronbach’s Alpha (internal consistency reliability) |
ρ (rho) | Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient |
r | Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient |
p-value | Probability Value (used to assess statistical significance) |
Appendix A
Attack on Personality | Attack on Professional | Individual’s Isolation from Work | Direct Attack | Total WPVB Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attack on personality | 1.00 | 0.68 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.35 ** | 0.79 *** |
Attack on professional | 1.00 | 0.61 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.91 *** | |
Individual’s isolation from work | 1.00 | 0.45 *** | 0.80 *** | ||
Direct attack | 1.00 | 0.63 *** | |||
Total WPVB score | 1.00 |
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Variable | Category | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Males | 15 | 15.7 |
Females | 75 | 84.3 | |
Educational level | 2-year college | 6 | 6.7 |
Technological University | 64 | 71.1 | |
University | 5 | 5.6 | |
MSc | 12 | 13.3 | |
PhD | 3 | 3.3 | |
Family status | Unmarried | 16 | 17.8 |
Married | 72 | 80.0 | |
Divorced | 2 | 2.2 | |
Have children | No | 23 | 25.6 |
Yes | 67 | 74.4 | |
Number of children | 1 | 23 | 34.8 |
2 | 37 | 56.1 | |
3 | 6 | 9.1 | |
Living | Alone | 14 | 15.6 |
With others | 76 | 84.4 | |
Professional | Nurse | 89 | 98.9 |
Assistant nurse | 1 | 1.1 | |
Educational level of nurses | Secondary education | 6 | 6.7 |
Technological university | 74 | 82.2 | |
University | 10 | 11.1 | |
Location | VOLOS | 19 | 21.3 |
KARDITSA | 25 | 28.1 | |
LARISSA | 21 | 23.6 | |
TRIKALA | 24 | 27.0 | |
Health status | Very poor | 5 | 5.6 |
Poor | 5 | 5.6 | |
Not poor. nor good | 10 | 11.1 | |
Good | 47 | 52.2 | |
Very good | 23 | 25.6 | |
Health problems | 19 | 21.1 | |
If yes, define | Heart problems | 3 | 15.8 |
Arthritis or rheumatism | 6 | 31.6 | |
Emphysema or chronic bronchitis | 0 | 0.0 | |
Cataract | 0 | 0.0 | |
Bone fracture or crack | 0 | 0.0 | |
Leg problems | 2 | 10.5 | |
Parkinson’s disease | 0 | 0.0 | |
Hypertension | 3 | 15.8 | |
Cancer | 3 | 15.8 | |
Diabetes | 1 | 5.3 | |
Stroke | 0 | 0.0 | |
Chronic mental health problems | 0 | 0.0 | |
Rectal bleeding | 0 | 0.0 | |
Other | 2 | 10.5 | |
Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 43.1 | 8.4 |
Minimum | Maximum | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Cronbach’s Alpha | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience score (CD-RISC) | 35.00 | 100.00 | 66.38 (12.83) | 66.5 (58–74) | 0.93 |
Positive feelings subscale (PANAS) | 13.00 | 46.00 | 33.83 (5.35) | 34.5 (30–37) | 0.85 |
Negative feelings subscale (PANAS) | 10.00 | 38.00 | 17.8 (6.02) | 17 (13–21) | 0.85 |
Attack on personality | 0.00 | 29.00 | 4.78 (6.37) | 2 (0–6) | 0.87 |
Attack on professional | 0.00 | 28.00 | 5.74 (6.51) | 3 (1–8) | 0.86 |
Individual’s isolation from work | 0.00 | 45.00 | 5.82 (7.61) | 4 (1–7) | 0.89 |
Direct attack | 0.00 | 19.00 | 1.52 (3.38) | 0 (0–2) | 0.78 |
Total WPVB score | 0.00 | 110.00 | 17.87 (21.12) | 9 (5–23) | 0.95 |
Positive Feelings Subscale (PANAS) | Negative Feelings Subscale (PANAS) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Resilience score (CD-RISC) | r | 0.74 | −0.46 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Attack on personality | rho | −0.02 | 0.32 |
p | 0.884 | 0.002 | |
Attack on professional | rho | −0.12 | 0.27 |
p | 0.258 | 0.011 | |
Individual’s isolation from work | rho | −0.17 | 0.26 |
p | 0.108 | 0.015 | |
Direct attack | rho | −0.08 | 0.37 |
p | 0.430 | <0.001 | |
Total WPVB score | rho | −0.13 | 0.33 |
p | 0.234 | 0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Positive Feelings | β+ | SE++ | p |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (Females vs. Males) | −1.45 | 1.05 | 0.173 |
Age | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.929 |
Educational level 1 | −0.50 | 0.45 | 0.268 |
Married (yes vs. no) | −1.49 | 1.34 | 0.268 |
Have children (yes vs. no) | 0.53 | 1.31 | 0.690 |
Living (with others vs. alone) | 0.35 | 1.43 | 0.807 |
Health problems (yes vs. no) | 0.13 | 0.95 | 0.888 |
Resilience score (CD-RISC) | 0.29 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Total WPVB score | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.054 |
Predictor Variable | β | SE | p-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (Females vs. Males) | −1.25 | 1.49 | 0.403 | — |
Age | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.343 | — |
Educational level 1 | −1.38 | 0.63 | 0.031 | Significant − less education = more negative feelings |
Married (yes vs. no) | −0.37 | 1.89 | 0.844 | — |
Have children (yes vs. no) | 1.75 | 1.85 | 0.347 | — |
Living (with others vs. alone) | −1.59 | 2.01 | 0.431 | — |
Health problems (yes vs. no) | 3.49 | 1.34 | 0.011 | Significant − health issues = more negative feelings |
Resilience score (CD-RISC) | −0.15 | 0.04 | 0.001 | Highly significant − more resilience = fewer negative feelings |
Total WPVB score | 0.12 | 0.03 | <0.001 | Highly significant − more victimization = more negative feelings |
Attack on personality | 0.41 | 0.10 | <0.001 | Highly significant − strong impact |
Attack on professional | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.001 | Significant |
Individual’s isolation from work | 0.31 | 0.08 | <0.001 | Significant |
Direct attack | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.137 | —Not significant |
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Koinis, A.; Papathanasiou, I.V.; Kouroutzis, I.; Papathanasiou, I.; Anagnostopoulou, D.; Androutsakos, I.; Papandreou, M.; Katsaiti, I.; Tsioumas, N.; Mourtziapi, M.; et al. The Effect of Workplace Mobbing on Positive and Negative Emotions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience Among Nurses. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151915
Koinis A, Papathanasiou IV, Kouroutzis I, Papathanasiou I, Anagnostopoulou D, Androutsakos I, Papandreou M, Katsaiti I, Tsioumas N, Mourtziapi M, et al. The Effect of Workplace Mobbing on Positive and Negative Emotions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience Among Nurses. Healthcare. 2025; 13(15):1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151915
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoinis, Aristotelis, Ioanna V. Papathanasiou, Ioannis Kouroutzis, Iokasti Papathanasiou, Dimitra Anagnostopoulou, Ioannis Androutsakos, Maria Papandreou, Ioulia Katsaiti, Nikolaos Tsioumas, Melpomeni Mourtziapi, and et al. 2025. "The Effect of Workplace Mobbing on Positive and Negative Emotions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience Among Nurses" Healthcare 13, no. 15: 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151915
APA StyleKoinis, A., Papathanasiou, I. V., Kouroutzis, I., Papathanasiou, I., Anagnostopoulou, D., Androutsakos, I., Papandreou, M., Katsaiti, I., Tsioumas, N., Mourtziapi, M., Sarafis, P., & Malliarou, M. (2025). The Effect of Workplace Mobbing on Positive and Negative Emotions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience Among Nurses. Healthcare, 13(15), 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151915