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Article

Computer-Based Cognitive Training vs. Paper-and-Pencil Training for Language and Cognitive Deficits in Greek Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study

by
Eleni-Nefeli Georgopoulou
1,†,
Anastasia Nousia
1,*,†,
Vasileios Siokas
2,
Maria Martzoukou
1,
Elli Zoupa
3,
Lambros Messinis
4,
Efthimios Dardiotis
2 and
Grigorios Nasios
1
1
Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
2
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
3
Larisa Day Care Center of People with Alzheimer’s Disease, Association for Regional Development and Mental Health (EPAPSY), 15124 Marousi, Greece
4
Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030443
Submission received: 17 December 2022 / Revised: 30 January 2023 / Accepted: 1 February 2023 / Published: 3 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Neurorehabilitation: Looking Back and Moving Forward)
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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to explore whether Computer-Based Cognitive Training (C-BCT) versus Paper-Pencil Cognitive Training (P-PCT) is more beneficial in improving cognitive and language deficits in Greek patients living with Alzheimer’s disease (pwAD). Twenty pwAD were assigned to two groups: (a) the C-BCT group, receiving a computer-based cognitive training program using the RehaCom software, and (b) the P-PCT group, which received cognitive training using paper and pencil. The cognitive training programs lasted 15 weeks and were administered twice a week for approximately one hour per session. The analyses of each group’s baseline versus endpoint performance demonstrated that the P-PCT group improved on delayed memory, verbal fluency, attention, processing speed, executive function, general cognitive ability, and activities of daily living. In contrast, the C-BCT group improved on memory (delayed and working), naming, and processing speed. Comparisons between the two groups (C-BCT vs. P-PCT) revealed that both methods had significant effects on patients’ cognition, with the P-PCT method transferring the primary cognitive benefits to real-life activities. Our findings indicate that both methods are beneficial in attenuating cognitive and language deficits in pwAD. The need for large-scale neurobehavioral interventions to further clarify this issue, however, remains a priority.
Keywords: computer-based cognitive training; paper-pencil cognitive training; cognitive training; Alzheimer’s disease computer-based cognitive training; paper-pencil cognitive training; cognitive training; Alzheimer’s disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Georgopoulou, E.-N.; Nousia, A.; Siokas, V.; Martzoukou, M.; Zoupa, E.; Messinis, L.; Dardiotis, E.; Nasios, G. Computer-Based Cognitive Training vs. Paper-and-Pencil Training for Language and Cognitive Deficits in Greek Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030443

AMA Style

Georgopoulou E-N, Nousia A, Siokas V, Martzoukou M, Zoupa E, Messinis L, Dardiotis E, Nasios G. Computer-Based Cognitive Training vs. Paper-and-Pencil Training for Language and Cognitive Deficits in Greek Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(3):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030443

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgopoulou, Eleni-Nefeli, Anastasia Nousia, Vasileios Siokas, Maria Martzoukou, Elli Zoupa, Lambros Messinis, Efthimios Dardiotis, and Grigorios Nasios. 2023. "Computer-Based Cognitive Training vs. Paper-and-Pencil Training for Language and Cognitive Deficits in Greek Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study" Healthcare 11, no. 3: 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030443

APA Style

Georgopoulou, E.-N., Nousia, A., Siokas, V., Martzoukou, M., Zoupa, E., Messinis, L., Dardiotis, E., & Nasios, G. (2023). Computer-Based Cognitive Training vs. Paper-and-Pencil Training for Language and Cognitive Deficits in Greek Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study. Healthcare, 11(3), 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030443

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