The Synergetic Effect of Plyometric Compound Exercises and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Physical Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.4.1. Static Balance Ability
2.4.2. Dynamic Balancing Ability
2.4.3. Power
- The vertical jump test: The participant stood 20 cm away from a wall with feet shoulder-width apart, outstretched arms as far as possible, marked the height with fingertips, jumped as high as possible without run-up, and marked the points of fingertips as the height; the distance between the first and second marks was measured in cm. The entire process was repeated twice, and the highest measurement was recorded [22].
- The long jump test: The participant stood in front of a parallel measuring board, lowered their center of body weight, bent their knees, swung their arms backward, jumped off the ground, swung their arms forward as much as possible, stretched their body, bent their abdomen and legs, and landed on the heels; the researcher measured the distance between the heels when landing on both feet on the measuring board. The entire process was repeated twice, and the highest measurement (cm) was recorded [23].
2.4.4. Agility
- t-test: A stopwatch (CASIO HS-80W, Japan) was used to measure agility. The participant quickly sprinted from point A to point B (9.14 m) following the instruction “Ready, start”. The participant then moved their body to the right to point D (4.57 m), from point D to point C, and back to point B (13.71 m), before finally returning to point A (9.14 m). The entire process was repeated twice, and the shortest time(s) was recorded [24].
- Side-step test: Three lines were marked with paper tape at the center, on the left, and on the right at an interval of 120 cm on the floor. The participant took a ready posture with both feet shoulder-width apart; as the test began, if the right foot crossed over to the right line, it was scored as 1; if the right foot, which had crossed over to the right line, quickly returned to the center line, it was 2; if the left foot crossed the left line after returning to the center line, it was 3. The whole process was repeated twice for 10 s and the maximum number of frequencies was recorded [25,26].
2.5. Intervention
2.5.1. Exercise Program
2.5.2. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
2.5.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Subject Characteristics
3.2. Changes in Static Balance (FRT) before and after the Intervention
3.3. Changes in Dynamic Balance (Y-BT) before and after the Intervention
3.3.1. Change in Dynamic Balance of the Left Leg before and after the Intervention
3.3.2. Change in Dynamic Balance of the Right Leg before and after the Intervention
3.4. Changes in Power before and after the Intervention
3.4.1. Vertical Jump Test
3.4.2. Long Jump Test
3.5. Changes in Agility before and after the Intervention
3.5.1. t-Test
3.5.2. Side-Step Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Exercise | Reps | Sets | |
---|---|---|---|
Week 1 | Squat Jump, Side Short Pitch, Lateral Barrier Hop, Skip | 10 | 3 |
Week 2 | Squat Jump, Two Foot Ankle Hop, Ice Skater Jump, Lunge Hop | 10 | 3 |
Week 3 | Two Foot Ankle Hop, Ice Skater Jump, Squat Box Jump, Lunge Hop | 12 | 3 |
Week 4 | Two Foot Ankle Hop, Squat Box Jump, Burpee Box Jump, Leap Frogs Jump | 15 | 4 |
Experimental Group I (n = 15) | Experimental Group II (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 33.06 ± 4.60 a | 33.26 ± 4.80 | 33.00 ± 3.22 | 0.984 |
Height (cm) | 174.60 ± 2.82 | 174.8 ± 3.27 | 176.4 ± 4.32 | 0.293 |
Weight (kg) | 75.40 ± 3.85 | 74.86 ± 4.06 | 75.66 ± 4.59 | 0.868 |
Experimental Group I (n = 15) | Experimental Group II (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | Group X Time F (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FRT (cm) | Before | 42.00 ± 2.13 a | 41.86 ± 2.32 | 41.86 ± 2.77 | 46.214 (<0.001) |
After | 46.66 ± 2.58 | 44.40 ± 1.91 | 42.06 ± 2.60 | ||
Difference | 4.66 ± 1.49 | 2.53 ± 1.18 | 0.26 ± 1.03 | ||
t(p) | −12.081 (0.000) | −8.264 (0.000) | −0.823 (0.424) |
Experimental Group I (n = 15) | Experimental Group II (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | Group X Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (p) | |||||
Y-Balance Test (Rt score) | Before | 90.83 ± 1.77 a | 91.37 ± 3.04 | 92.02 ± 2.29 | 55.131 (<0.001) |
After | 94.25 ± 1.93 | 93.75 ± 2.83 | 92.03 ± 2.42 | ||
Difference | 3.42 ± 1.17 | 2.38 ± 0.77 | 0.00 ± 0.72 | ||
t (p) | −11.290 (0.000) | −12.003 (0.000) | −0.045 (0.965) | ||
Y-Balance Test (Lt score) | Before | 91.62 ± 1.41 a | 91.42 ± 2.58 | 91.95 ± 2.35 | 85.703 (<0.001) |
After | 95.03 ± 1.49 | 94.09 ± 2.71 | 92.01 ± 2.32 | ||
Difference | 3.40 ± 0.52 | 2.67 ± 0.90 | 0.06 ± 0.73 | ||
t (p) | −25.197 (0.000) | −11.475 (0.000) | −0.321 (0.753) |
Experimental Group I (n = 15) | Experimental Group II (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | Group X Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (p) | |||||
Vertical Jump Test (cm) | Before | 40.20 ± 2.00 a | 40.46 ± 1.76 | 40.26 ± 2.25 | 57.512 (<0.001) |
After | 45.20 ± 1.97 | 42.93 ± 2.84 | 40.33 ± 2.09 | ||
Difference | 5.00 ± 1.25 | 2.46 ± 1.59 | 0.03 ± 0.79 | ||
t (p) | −15.448 (0.000) | −5.980 (0.000) | −0.323 (0.751) | ||
Long Jump Test (cm) | Before | 229.60 ± 4.59 a | 230.13 ± 3.94 | 230.73 ± 4.62 | 107.043 (<0.001) |
After | 235.00 ± 4.47 | 234.20 ± 4.00 | 230.93 ± 4.72 | ||
Difference | 5.40 ± 1.18 | 4.06 ± 0.88 | 0.20 ± 0.94 | ||
t (p) | −17.676 (0.000) | −17.823 (0.000) | −0.823 (0.424) |
Experimental Group I (n = 15) | Experimental Group II (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | Group X Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (p) | |||||
t-Test (second) | Before | 13.22 ± 0.40 a | 13.16 ± 0.47 | 13.30 ± 0.38 | 35.942 (<0.001) |
After | 12.17 ± 0.40 | 12.47 ± 0.56 | 13.32 ± 0.52 | ||
Difference | −1.05 ± 0.31 | −0.68 ± 0.35 | 0.01 ± 0.37 | ||
t (p) | 12.926 (0.000) | 7.502 (0.000) | −0.171 (0.867) | ||
Side-Step Test (frequency) | Before | 12.06 ± 1.27 a | 12.00 ± 1.30 | 10.86 ± 2.13 | 73.082 (<0.001) |
After | 17.26 ± 2.15 | 15.73 ± 1.57 | 10.93 ± 2.12 | ||
Difference | 5.20 ± 1.42 | 3.73 ± 1.38 | 0.06 ± 0.59 | ||
t (p) | −14.140 (0.000) | −10.425 (0.000) | −0.435 (0.670) |
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Song, J.-H.; Yim, J.-E. The Synergetic Effect of Plyometric Compound Exercises and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Physical Function. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202774
Song J-H, Yim J-E. The Synergetic Effect of Plyometric Compound Exercises and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Physical Function. Healthcare. 2023; 11(20):2774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202774
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Jeong-Hyeok, and Jong-Eun Yim. 2023. "The Synergetic Effect of Plyometric Compound Exercises and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Physical Function" Healthcare 11, no. 20: 2774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202774