Herbal Medicine for Postpartum Pain: A Systematic Review of Puerperal Wind Syndrome (Sanhupung)
by
, , , ,
Na-Yoen Kwon
1,†,
Hee-Yoon Lee
2,3,†,
Su-In Hwang
3,
Soo-Hyun Sung
4,
Su-Jin Cho
5,
Young-Jin Yoon
2,3 and
Jang-Kyung Park
2,3,* 1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Ga-Chon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
5
Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Healthcare 2023, 11(20), 2743; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202743
Submission received: 4 September 2023
/
Revised: 27 September 2023
/
Accepted: 10 October 2023
/
Published: 16 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Women's and Children's Health: Strengthening High-Quality Midwifery Care)
Abstract
:Mothers in the postpartum period often experience musculoskeletal disorders and pain, impacting their ability to care for themselves and their infants. Conventional treatments have limitations, prompting interest in alternative options like herbal medicine. This systematic review aimed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicine treatment to improve maternal health in patients with postpartum pain (puerperal wind syndrome). We searched eight electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of herbal medicines on puerperal wind syndrome. Nine RCTs, including 652 patients, were selected. Following a meta-analysis of RCTs, both herbal medicine and combination treatments improved the visual analog scale scores, total effective rate, scores of Traditional Chinese Medicine syndromes, Oswestry Disability Index, and quality of life in patients with role-emotional puerperal wind syndrome. All adverse events were minor, and the incidence rate was not high compared with that of the control group. In conclusion, herbal medicine supports the improvement in pain, other systemic symptoms, and the quality of life of patients with puerperal wind syndrome. Moreover, no serious side effects were observed; therefore, herbal medicines appear to be safe. It can be the preferred treatment option for puerperal wind syndrome, which is currently managed symptomatically.
1. Introduction
After delivery, mothers undergo rapid physical and mental changes and are given the new social role of motherhood; therefore, they are placed in a vulnerable situation [1].
Puerperal wind syndrome (Sanhupung) was previously regarded as a cultural disease in a country, but now various studies [2,3] on postpartum pathological conditions are being conducted in recognition of the need for postpartum care.
Only when puerperal wind syndrome is not categorized as a disease and is confirmed to have the temporal incidence characteristics that followed labor and miscarriage can it be identified [4]. Degenerative disease, rheumatic illnesses, and intervertebral disc hernia are disorders that should be distinguished from puerperal wind syndrome in terms of musculoskeletal pain [5,6]. Thyroid disease, diabetes, and pituitary dysfunction must be separated from other illnesses when discussing fatigue, a cold, and excessive sweating [7]. Imaging and laboratory tests can be used to distinguish between these disorders [8]. However, even if the condition is identified, puerperal wind syndrome should not be quickly ruled out, as these illnesses can also occur with puerperal wind syndrome.
Many postpartum women develop musculoskeletal disorders due to continued hormonal influences, improper breastfeeding positions, and the biomechanical and ergonomic stresses of childcare-related activities [9,10]. To optimize maternal health, postpartum care needs to be provided continuously according to the mother’s needs. Body pain is one of the factors to be managed during the postpartum period [11].
The bodily pain experienced by mothers reduces their ability to take care of themselves and their quality of life (QOL) and can lead to postpartum depression. If the pain progresses chronically, it can cause functional disability and reduced work ability for the rest of their lives [11,12,13]. In addition, postpartum pain adversely affects baby care, causing negative maternal–infant attachment that is not controlled by mood, and secondary depression can adversely affect infant neurocognitive development [13,14]. Therefore, it is necessary to observe bodily pain during the postpartum period and intervene early to improve short- and long-term postpartum outcomes [13].
The conventional postpartum body pain is managed by symptomatic treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and local anesthetics; however, these are limited during breastfeeding, and side effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, pruritus, constipation, and allergic or anaphylactic reactions, may occur [10,15,16,17]. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in alternative medical care for the treatment of postpartum body pain. In North Carolina, the alternative medicinal treatments most frequently used by midwives after childbirth were herbal medicines, massage, Chuna, and acupuncture [18].
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), pain is caused by obstructions or deficiency of the Qi (vital energy) or blood and external pathogenic factors, such as wind, cold, dampness, and heat. For the treatment of pain, achieving holistic body balance by reinforcing a healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors is important [15,19,20]. Traditionally in East Asia, including Korea and China, postpartum care is widely used to restore the weakened mind and body to a healthy state before pregnancy [21], and if the postpartum care is not performed properly, “puerperal wind syndrome (Sanhupung)” may occur [6]. Its symptoms are mainly pain and may include numbness, heaviness, or coldness of the body that occur after childbirth or miscarriage; there is no obvious abnormality on imaging or blood tests, and it is not classified as a disease. However, physical discomfort can adversely affect the mother’s QOL, mental health, and childrearing [6,22,23].
Herbal medicine, which refers to the utilization of plants or plant-derived materials, has long been used in many countries to treat pain [17] and various female diseases, such as menstrual irregularity [24], infertility [25], and dysmenorrhea [26], and has been reported to prevent and treat pain and improve the QOL by supplementing a weakened Qi and blood in patients with postpartum body pain [27,28].
In this systematic review, we analyzed the studies on the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicines for postpartum pain to improve maternal health.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
This systematic review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews under the registration number PROSPERO 2022:CRD42022326696. It can be accessed at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022326696 accessed on 10 May 2022.
2.2. Data Sources and Searches
We searched through PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)), Japanese databases (Citation Information by NII (CiNii)), and Korean medical databases (Korea Studies Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, ScienceOn, and Korean Medical Database).
The search terms were as follows: “postpartum” OR “postnatal” OR “puerperal” OR “after childbirth” AND “pain” OR “pantalgia” OR “ache” OR “soreness” OR “arthrodynia” OR “bodily pain” OR “myalgia” OR “arthralgia” OR “paresthesia” OR “hypesthesia” OR “dysesthesia” OR “hypoesthesia” OR “numbness” OR “tingling” OR “cold hypersensitivity” OR “cold sense” OR “cold intolerance” OR “sensation disorder” OR “sensation dysfunction” OR “sensation loss” AND “Medicine, Chinese Traditional” OR “Medicine, Korean Traditional” OR “Medicine, Kampo” OR “Herbal Medicine” OR “Plants, Medicinal” OR “Drugs, Chinese Herbal” OR “herbal drug” OR “Chinese formula” OR “Chinese prescription” OR “Chinese decoction” OR “phytomedicine” OR “herb” OR “botanic”. These terms were modified based on an electronic search database. The search strategy for each database is presented in Supplementary Material Table S1.
2.3. Study Selection
2.3.1. Types of Studies
All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effects of herbal medicines on puerperal wind syndrome were included. We excluded non-randomized trials, including clinical studies (case studies, case series, and case-controlled trials), experimental studies, animal studies, surveys, and reviews.
2.3.2. Participants
We included all patients diagnosed with puerperal wind syndrome suffering from pain, paresthesia, and dysesthesia, regardless of age.
2.3.3. Types of Interventions
Any herbal medicine administered orally was included.
2.3.4. Types of Comparisons
We compared herbal medicine with no treatment, a placebo or sham treatment, or conventional treatment. Furthermore, we included RCTs comparing herbal medicine plus conventional treatment with conventional treatment and herbal medicine plus traditional Korean treatment (e.g., moxibustion, warm needle acupuncture, or Chuna) with traditional Korean treatment.
2.3.5. Types of Outcome Measures
In this study, the primary outcomes were the pain score and rate of effectiveness for treating puerperal wind syndrome. The efficacy rate was defined as the number of patients whose symptoms improved among all patients. Secondary outcomes included QOL, functionality scores, and adverse events.
2.4. Data Extraction
Using a predefined data extraction form, three authors (H.-Y. Lee, S.-I. Hwang, and N.-Y. Kwon) independently extracted the data. The three independent reviewers (H.-Y. Lee, S.-I. Hwang, and N.-Y. Kwon) collected data with regard to the author’s information, sample size, interventions, outcome measures, main results, and adverse events. Regarding herbal medicine interventions, we collected the following data: name of herbal medicine, composition of herbal medicine, modified herbs, and duration and frequency of herbal medicine use. Any disagreements regarding article selection were resolved by a discussion with the third author (J.-K. Park).
2.5. Assessment of Risk of Bias (ROB)
Using the Cochrane Collaboration’s ROB tool [29], two independent researchers (S.-H. Sung and S.-J. Cho) evaluated the ROB for the included RCTs. The Cochrane Collaboration tool comprises seven domains; however, we evaluated the following six assessment methods: (1) random sequence generation, (2) allocation concealment, (3) blinding of participants, (4) blinding of assessors, (5) incomplete outcome data, and (6) selective outcome reporting. For each domain, the ROB was rated as low risk (L), high risk (H), or unclear (U). Different opinions on scoring were resolved through a discussion with the third author (Y.-J. Yoon).
2.6. Data Analyses
Statistical analyses were carried out utilizing RevMan 5.4 (version 5.4 for Windows (Nordic Cochrane Center, Copenhagen, Denmark)). With 95% confidence intervals, the continuous and dichotomous data are reported as mean differences and risk ratios, respectively. The inter-study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, with I2 values of 0–40%, 30–60%, 50–90%, and 75–100% representing absence or mild, moderate, substantial, and full heterogeneity, respectively [30]. When the I2 values were 50% and >50%, respectively, fixed and random effects models were applied, and a subgroup analysis was conducted to identify the possible reasons for heterogeneity [30]. A sensitivity analysis was planned using trials with a low ROB to investigate the possible contribution of methodological quality. If a meta-analysis could not possible because of the considerable variation in the study characteristics, a summary of the findings is discussed in Section 3.
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection and Description
The database searches identified 1497 potentially related studies, and we identified 3 articles through other sources. After excluding 99 duplicated articles, 246 RCTs were considered for full-article assessment by reviewing titles and abstracts. Of them, 171 were not RCTs, 55 included interventions that were not herbal medicine, and 11 were unqualified control interventions; all of them were excluded for eligibility. In the end, nine RCTs were included in our review. All the studies [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39] were conducted in China and published in Chinese. Figure 1 presents a flowchart of the study selection process recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines [40]. The specifics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1.
3.2. Participants
In total, 652 patients with puerperal wind syndrome were included. The experimental and control groups included 326 patients each. The final analyses included 324 and 323 patients from the experimental and control groups, respectively.
3.3. Intervention
We compared herbal medicine with conventional treatment [31,32,33,34,35], herbal medicine in combination with conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone [36], and herbal medicine in combination with other traditional Korean treatments (e.g., moxibustion, warm needle acupuncture, or Chuna) versus other traditional Korean treatments alone [37,38,39]. Five RCTs compared herbal medicines with conventional treatment [31,32,33,34,35]. One study compared herbal medicine plus indomethacin cataplasm and indomethacin cataplasm alone [36]. One study compared herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture and warm needle acupuncture alone [37], herbal medicine plus moxibustion and moxibustion alone [38], and herbal medicine plus Chuna and Chuna alone [39]. Table 2 and Table 3 shows the characteristics of the herbal and conventional medicine interventions included in the RCTs.
3.3.1. Name of Prescription
The prescription names were noted in all the studies. The Wenjing decoction [31,32] and Chanhoubi decoction [35,36] were included in two studies. In addition, the Xiaoxuming Tang [33], Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu [34], Yangyuan Huoxue [37], Duhuo Jisheng [38], and Duhuo Jisheng decoctions [39] were used in one study.
3.3.2. Herbs Used in the Included Studies
A total of nine studies used 50 herbs. The most frequently used herbs were Angelicae Gigantis Radix [31,32,34,35,36,37,38,39], Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma [31,32,33,35,36,37,38,39], and Paeoniae Radix Alba [31,32,34,35,36,37,38,39], which were used in eight studies; Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma was used in seven studies [31,32,35,36,37,38,39]; Cinnamomi Ramulus [31,32,34,35,36,37] and Cnidii Rhizoma [31,32,33,37,38,39] were used in six studies; Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata [31,32,33,35,37] and Astragali Radix [31,32,34,35,36] were used in five studies; Achyranthis Radix [34,37,38,39], Moutan Cortex [31,32,35,36], Poria Sclerotium [35,36,38,39], and Saposhnikoviae Radix [33,34,38,39] were used in four studies; Araliae Continentalis Radix [37,38,39], Asini Corii Colla [31,32,37], Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba [31,32,34], Cinnamomi Cortex [33,38,39], Eucommiae Cortex [37,38,39], Gingseng Radix [31,32,38], Liriopis Tuber [31,32,37], and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens [31,32,34] were used in three studies (Figure 2).
3.3.3. Modified Herbs
In four studies, the herbs were modified according to symptoms [31,32,34,37]. The first medicinal herb was added according to the part of the body where the pain was severe. For lower extremity pain, Achyranthis Radix [31,32], Araliae Continentalis Radix, Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma, and Piperis Kandsurae Caulis were applied [34]. In the case of upper extremity pain, Osterici Radix, Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, and Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix were added [34]. In cases of lower back pain [31,32], Loranthi Ramulus, Dipsaci Radix, and Eucommiae Cortex were added. In cases of chronic impediment disease [34], Scolopendrae Corpus and Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma were added. In cases of headaches, Cnidii Rhizoma was added [31,32]. Considering the accompanying systemic symptoms, if a patient complained of aversion to wind, Araliae Continentalis Radix, Aconiti Tuber, and Saposhnikoviae Radix [31] were added, and Cervi Cornus Colla [32] was added for aversion to cold. In the case of spontaneous sweating, Trtici Levis Semen and Ephedrae Radix et Rhizoma [34] were added; in the case of sleep inability, Zizyphi Spinosi Semen and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis [37] were added; and in the case of reduced food intake, Galli Stomachichum Corium [37] was added (Table 2).
3.3.4. Duration and Frequency of Taking Herbal Medicine
The duration of herbal medicine use varied from 7 days to 3 months. In three studies, most participants took herbal medicine for 1 month [31,32,34]. The frequency of herbal medicine use was twice a day in five studies [31,32,33,38,39], three times a day in two studies, and once a day in two studies [34,35] (Table 2).
3.3.5. Formulation of Herbal Medicine
The formulation of herbal medicine was a decoction in all nine studies.
3.4. Outcomes
3.4.1. Pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS])
- (1)
- Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment
We analyzed three RCTs [31,34,35] comparing the degree of pain improvement using VAS between the herbal and Western medicine treatments. The pain reduction effect of the herbal medicine treatment group was statistically better than that of the Western medicine treatment group (n = 217, risk ratio (RR): −1.40, 95% CI −2.02 to −0.78, p < 0.00001; Figure 3).
- (2)
- Herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture
One study [37] reported a VAS score comparing herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture with warm needle acupuncture alone; herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture significantly improved the VAS score (p < 0.00001).
- (3)
- Herbal medicine plus moxibustion versus moxibustion
One study [38] compared herbal medicine plus moxibustion with moxibustion alone and found that herbal medicine plus moxibustion resulted in a significantly better improvement in the VAS score (p < 0.05).
- (4)
- Herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna
One RCT [39] compared herbal medicine plus Chuna with Chuna and found that herbal medicine plus Chuna significantly improved the VAS score (p < 0.0001).
3.4.2. Total Effective Rate
- (1)
- Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment
Five RCTs compared the treatment effects of herbal medicine and Western medicine using the total effective rate [31,32,33,34,35]; the total effective rate of the herbal medicine group was statistically higher than that of the Western medicine treatment group (n = 369, RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.29, p < 0.0001, Figure 4, Table 4).
- (2)
- Herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture
One study [37] reported that the total effective rate for puerperal wind syndrome was higher in the treatment group than in the control group; however, the difference was not significant (p = 0.11), (Table 4).
- (3)
- Herbal medicine plus moxibustion versus moxibustion
One study [38] compared herbal medicine plus moxibustion with moxibustion alone and found that herbal medicine plus moxibustion was more effective than moxibustion in the control group; however, there was no significant difference in the total effective rate (p = 0.28), (Table 4).
- (4)
- Herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna
3.4.3. Scores of TCM syndromes
3.4.4. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
One RCT [39] comparing herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna alone reported that herbal medicine plus Chuna significantly improved the ODI scores (p < 0.0001).
3.4.5. QOL
- (1)
- Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment
Three RCTs [31,33,35] were used to evaluate the QOL. The 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36) was used in two studies [31,33], and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) was used in one study [35]. Lu’s RCT [25] used SF-36 and physical functioning, bodily pain, social functioning, and role-emotional as indicators, and the treatment group showed significantly improved results (p < 0.00001). Chen’s RCT [33] also used SF-36, role-physical (p < 0.001), general health (p = 0.002), vitality (p ≤ 0.0001), social functioning (p < 0.002), role-emotional (p = 0.0008), and mental health (p = 0.001), and all of them were more effective in the treatment group than in the control group. One RCT [35] reported significant effects with respect to the WHOQOL-BRE for puerperal wind syndrome (p < 0.05).
As a result of a meta-analysis of two RCTs [31,33] comparing herbal medicine versus conventional treatment, the role-emotional indicator of the herbal medicine group was significantly improved (n = 172, RR 14.33, 95% CI 13.13 to 15.53, p < 0.00001, Figure 6), and social functioning was also improved; however, there was no statistical significance (n = 172, RR 11.14, 95% CI −2.21 to 24.50, p = 0.10, Figure 7).
- (2)
- Herbal medicine plus conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone
One study [36] reported that herbal medicine plus conventional treatment significantly improved QOL scores (p < 0.00001).
- (3)
- Herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture
In one study [37] comparing herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture alone, herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture significantly improved the SF-36 scores (p < 0.0001).
3.4.6. Adverse Events
Mild adverse events were reported in five studies [31,32,33,35,39]. The adverse events in the treatment group included nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal discomfort, headaches, pain, and fatigue. The pooled effects of the five studies were higher in the control group than in the experimental group; however, they were not statistically significant (n = 350, risk difference −0.06, 95% CI −0.13 to 0.01, p = 0.07, I2 = 35%, Figure 8).
4. Assessment of ROB
The ROB of the included RCTs is presented in Figure 9. Regarding the randomization procedure, six studies [32,33,34,37,38,39] mentioned adequate methods of randomization concealment. Furthermore, two RCTs [35,36] did not report random sequence generation methods, and the remaining study [31] was considered to have a high ROB as it conducted a controlled study according to visit numbers. Odd numbers were assigned to the control group and even numbers to the treatment group. None of the included studies mentioned the proper allocation concealment method. One study [31] reported an inadequate method of allocation concealment using visit numbers.
None of the included RCTs described the blinding of participants and outcome assessors. All the included clinical studies had a low ROB in addressing incomplete outcome data: eight RCTs [31,32,33,34,36,37,38,39] had no missing outcome data, and another study [35] had missing outcome data; however, the dropout rate did not exceed 20% for short-term and 30% for long-term follow-ups. For selective reporting, none of the trials registered study protocols before conducting the clinical studies. Two studies [36,37] evaluated all research methods and included a scale that could evaluate postpartum pain.
5. Publication Bias
A funnel plot of the primary outcome (the total effectiveness rate for puerperal wind syndrome) was constructed. No significant asymmetry was observed on visual inspection of the funnel plot (Figure 10).
6. Discussion
In this study, we analyzed nine RCTs on the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines in patients with postpartum body pain. An analysis of the included studies showed that herbal medicine improved the VAS score, total effective rate, scores of TCM syndrome, ODI, and QOL of patients with postpartum body pain (Figure 11). The Wenjing decoction significantly improved the VAS score, scores of TCM syndrome, and SF-36 scores compared with ibuprofen, while the Chanhoubi, Xiaoxuming Tang, and Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoctions had statistically significant effects on the pain index and QOL compared to indomethacin. According to TCM, post-delivery is the period where one should be cautious of food intake, which burdens the digestive function because the spleen and stomach functions are weakened due to deficiencies in vital energy (Qi) and blood [41]. NSAIDs, which are widely used for pain relief, often cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal discomfort [15]. In this review, the side effects in the herbal medicine group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and all were minor. Patients who choose herbal medicines for pain treatment desire to benefit from a lower risk of side effects [42]. Therefore, administering herbal medicines to patients with postpartum body pain may be more effective and safer than administering NSAIDs, and herbal medicine may be the preferred treatment for patients who cannot take NSAIDs owing to their side effects.
On comparing RCTs in which the Yangyuan Huoxue, Duhuo Jisheng, and Duhuo Jisheng decoctions were applied together with other TCM treatments such as warm needle acupuncture, moxibustion, Chuna, and other treatments alone, the pain-related index and QOL were significantly improved in the combined treatment group. In the treatment of pain in TCM, combining herbal medicine with acupuncture was more effective than acupuncture alone [43]. Postpartum pain intensity is significantly related to maternal parenting self-efficacy at 3 months postpartum [13]; thus, postpartum pain requires early treatment not only for improving maternal QOL but also for newborn care. Furthermore, the participation of women in society has increased since the 20th century, and women return to work 12 weeks after giving birth in general, with 23% of American women returning to work even earlier, within 10 days of delivery [44,45]. The physical and mental health of mothers who simultaneously manage a job and childrearing are relatively poorer than those who take maternity leave, which reduces their QOL and causes them to abandon work [46]. A combination treatment in which herbal medicine is administered with other TCM treatments can effectively help in the recovery from physical symptoms; therefore, it is expected to improve maternal health, satisfaction with social roles, and overall QOL.
In all the included studies, the most commonly used medicinal plants were Angelicae gigantis Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma (Figure 11). Angelicae gigantis Radix, whose active ingredient is decursin, replenishes the blood, promotes blood flow, and reduces pain [47,48,49]. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, whose active ingredient is glycyrrhizin, also alleviates pain and has immunoregulatory effects [50,51]. Paeoniae Radix Alba invigorates blood circulation so has been used to treat gynecological problems, pain, cramp, and congestion [52,53]. Paeoniflorin, its active ingredient, has anti-inflammatory immune regulatory effects and antioxidant properties [54]. Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma, whose active ingredient is methyleugenol, has anti-inflammatory effects and antinociceptive effects [55].
All four of the above active ingredients have anti-inflammatory effects, which are characterized by controlling the signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin and interleukin, and are widely used in TCM as drugs to suppress pain.
Safety assessment is very important because drug use during breastfeeding can affect mothers or infants. Previous studies that evaluated the safety of taking herbs included self-report surveys [56,57], cross-sectional studies [58], and review papers [59], and neither maternal nor natal adverse effects were reported. Several herbs were used as galactagogues and were effective, so mothers with insufficient breast milk were taking herbs to see the effect. The adverse events identified in this paper were mild side effects such as pain, nausea, and fatigue, and there was no significant difference from the control group; therefore, it was difficult to see them as being caused by herbal medicine.
During the postpartum period, symptoms such as pain in vulnerable mothers are evaluated, and customized management and care are required. In TCM, in the puerperium, the vital energy (Qi) and blood are lost due to bleeding and overwork during childbirth, making the mother weak and allowing pathogens to easily enter the body from the outside; thus, body pain is likely to occur. Therefore, in the treatment of postpartum body pain, tonifying the Qi and replenishing blood are the main treatment strategies [60,61]. Although herbal medicine for pain is not the most powerful analgesic, it is known to have beneficial effects on mild-to-moderate pain [42]. Additionally, herbal medicines combined with various medicinal plants exhibit anti-fatigue activity by affecting diverse targets through multiple pathways [62]. Herbal medicine has been reported to improve QOL by not only improving body pain but also significantly improving the overall health and vitality of postpartum mothers [28,63]. Therefore, as herbal medicine enhances vitality, improves pain, and helps improve maternal health, it is considered a relatively safe treatment for exhausted mothers who complain of body pain.
This study’s limitations include its focus on the East Asian concept of puerperal wind, leading to the inclusion of studies solely from China, with limited RCTs available. Randomization, allocation, and concealment were not mentioned in any of the studies; therefore, the possibility of bias was high. Due to the limited number of studies, the grades of evidence were evaluated as moderate or low (Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9). Herbal medicine is administered based on the symptoms of the patient and the pattern of differentiation in the diagnosis. Because of the unique characteristics of TCM, the prescriptions administered were discordant between each study, and the modified medicinal plants according to the patient’s symptoms were different. Therefore, it was difficult to provide a standardized herbal medicine prescription for puerperal wind syndrome. We considered subgroup analysis for different forms, timing, doses, and duration of use of different herbal medicines. However, the number of papers included in this study (nine) was too small to conduct a subgroup analysis. Also, the compositions of the herbal decoctions used were all different, so an additional subgroup analysis could not be performed.
Nevertheless, we searched several literature databases using a comprehensive search strategy and screened the studies published in English, Korean, and Chinese without limiting the search to any particular language. Moreover, this is the first systematic review of the effects of herbal medicines on puerperal wind syndrome. Future studies with a larger sample size involving allocation, concealment, and blinding of participants, examiners, and assessors are required. We expect that more RCTs of herbal medicine for postpartum pain will be conducted in the future and that a subgroup analysis will be performed in an updated systematic review. Furthermore, an RCT is needed to compare the effects of herbal medicine prescriptions by administering herbal medicines based on the pattern of differentiation in the diagnosis in patients with puerperal wind syndrome. As mothers often experience fatigue, poor sleep, and digestive disorders after childbirth, a study design that can present standardized evidence for the modification of additional symptoms reported by patients should be developed. In addition, research is necessary to observe the long-term QOL and health of the children of women treated with herbal medicine for postpartum pain.
7. Conclusions
Based on the evidence from this systematic review, herbal medicine treatment showed better improvement in clinical efficacy, pain index, ODI, and QOL and fewer side effects than conventional treatment and other TCM treatments alone for puerperal wind syndrome. Therefore, herbal medicine is considered a complementary and integrated treatment option for postpartum pain to improve postpartum maternal health and long-term QOL in women. In the future, it will be necessary to minimize the ROB in a large sample of patients and evaluate the treatment effects according to the pattern of differentiation in the diagnosis criteria. In addition, clinical follow-up studies are needed to observe the long-term effects of herbal medicine administration on postpartum pain, QOL, and childrearing.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/healthcare11202743/s1, Table S1: Search strategies.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, H.-Y.L. and J.-K.P.; methodology, S.-H.S. and J.-K.P.; formal analysis, H.-Y.L., S.-I.H. and N.-Y.K.; investigation, H.-Y.L. and N.-Y.K.; data curation, H.-Y.L. and N.-Y.K.; writing—original draft preparation, H.-Y.L. and N.-Y.K.; writing—review and editing, S.-J.C., Y.-J.Y. and J.-K.P. All authors revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute, funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HF21C0072).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank GRAEDpro (https://gdt.gradepro.org, accessed on 25 September 2023) for providing the summary of findings. Pictures of herbs in Figure 11 used in this review were prepared by Korean Medicine Convergence Research Information Center (www.kmcric.com/database/herb_search, accessed on 26 September 2023), disclosed for open access. The said copyright material can be download at Korean Medicine Convergence Research Information Center, indicating the source, free of charge.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Montgomery, K.S.; Best, M.; Aniello, T.B.; Phillips, J.D.; Hatmaker-Flanigan, E. Postpartum weight loss: Weight struggles, eating, exercise, and breast-feeding. J. Holist. Nurs. 2013, 31, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franke, H.; Franke, J.D.; Belz, S.; Fryer, G. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain and pelvic girdle pain during and after pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 2017, 21, 752–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sockol, L.E.; Epperson, C.N.; Barber, J.P. Preventing postpartum depression: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2013, 33, 1205–1217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, D.E.; Suh, H.W.; Park, H.S.; Youn, I.A.; Park, M.J.; Seo, J.H. Mothers’ experience of childbirth and perspectives on korena medicine-based postpartum care in korena: A qualitative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cush, J.J. Rheumatoid arthritis: Early diagnosis and treatment. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2021, 105, 355–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.J.; Kim, D.I. A Delphi Survey for the Revision of the Diagnostic Criteria for Sanhupung (Puerperal Wind Disorder, U32.7). J. Korean Obstet. Gynecol. 2022, 35, 42–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, C.C.; Pearce, E.N. An update on thyroid disorders in the postpartum period. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2022, 45, 1497–1506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edlow, J.A.; Caplan, L.R.; O’Brien, K.; Tibbles, C.D. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol. 2013, 12, 175–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wuytack, F.; O’Donovan, M. Outcomes and outcomes measurements used in intervention studies of pelvic girdle pain and lumbopelvic pain: A systematic review. Chiropr. Man. Ther. 2019, 27, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiezer, M.; Hage-Franse, M.A.H.; Otto, A.; Wieffer-Platvoet, M.S.; Slotman, M.H.; Sanden, M.W.G.N.; Pool-goudzwaard, A.L. Risk factors for pelvic girdle pain postpartum and pregnancy related low back pain postpartum; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 2020, 48, 102154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018, 131, e140–e150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prosser, R.; Hancock, M.J.; Nicholson, L.L.; Harvey, L.A.; LaStayo, P.; Hargreaves, I.; Herbert, R. Prognosis and prognostic factors for patients with persistent wrist pain who proceed to wrist arthroscopy. J. Hand Ther. 2012, 25, 264–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Makeen, M.; Farrell, L.M.; LaSorda, K.R.; Deng, Y.; Altamirano, V.; Jarvis, O.; Kenkre, T.; Lim, G. Associations between postpartum pain, mood, and maternal–infant attachment and parenting outcomes. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 17814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baird, H.; Harris, H.B.; Santos, H.P., Jr. The Effects of Maternal Perinatal Depression on Child IQ: A Systematic Review. Matern. Child Health J. 2023, 27, 1489–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Wang, C.Z.; Sawadogo, R.; Tan, T.; Yuan, C.S. Effects of Herbal Medicines on Pain Management. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2020, 48, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eshkevari, L.; Trout, K.K.; Damore, J. Management of postpartum pain. J. Midwifery Women’s Health 2013, 58, 622–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vermani, E.; Mittal, R.; Weeks, A. Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: A review. Pain Pract. 2020, 10, 60–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allaire, A.D.; Moos, M.K.; Wells, S.R. Complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: A survey of North Carolina certified nurse-midwives. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000, 95, 19–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fung, F.Y.; Linn, Y.C. Developing traditional Chinese medicine in the era of evidence-based medicine: Current evidences and challenges. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015, 425037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Wang, C.Z.; Hesse-Fong, J.; Lin, J.G.; Yuan, C.S. Application of Chinese medicine in acute and critical medical conditions. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2019, 47, 1223–1235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, J.Y.; Lee, N.Y. The Study to Actual Condition on Postpartum Care using Korean Health Panel Data. Asia-Pac. J. Multimed. Serv. Converg. Art Humanit. Sociol. 2017, 7, 533–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, Y.; Tai, Y.; Yang, Y. Description and Treatment Progress of Postpartum Body Pain in Chinese Medicine. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023, 2, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Y. Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Postpartum Apoplexy Based on Syndrome Differentiation. Guangming Tradit. Chin. Med. 2022, 37, 2854–2858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, M.J.; Chen, H.W.; Liu, P.H.; Cheng, W.J.; Kuo, S.L.; Kao, M.C. The prescription patterns of traditional Chinese medicine for women with polycystic ovary syndrome in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based study. Medicine 2019, 98, e15890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ried, K. Chinese herbal medicine for female infertility: An updated meta-analysis. Complement. Ther. Med. 2015, 23, 116–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seo, J.H.; Lee, H.S.; Lee, D.H.; Jo, H.G. Dangguijagyag-san for primary dysmenorrhea: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Medicine 2020, 99, e22761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, F. The Intervention of DunHuang Postpartum Prescription on the Patients after Delivery. West. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2014, 27, 21–23. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, P.J.; Lin, C.C.; Chen, Y.C.; Chuang, C.H.; Tseng, Y.C.; Hseish, W.S.; Lin, S.J.; Chen, P.C. Use of herbal dietary supplement Si-Wu-Tang and health-related quality of life in postpartum women: A population-based correlational study. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 790474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higgins, J.P.T.; Altman, D.G.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Jüni, P.; Moher, D.; Oxman, A.D.; Savović, J.; Schulz, K.F.; Weeks, L.; Sterne, J.A.C. The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011, 343, d5928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higgins, J.P.T.; Thomas, J.; Chandler, J.; Cumpston, M.; Li, T.; Page, M.; Welch, V. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; Version 6.3 (Updated February 2022). Available online: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook (accessed on 8 August 2023).
- Lu, X.Q. Clinical observation on modified Wenjing Decoction in treating post-partum body pain, cold and Qi-Stagnation. Sci. Tech. Inf. Gansu 2020, 49, 15–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.H. Application and effectiveness of Wenjing Decoction in treating Postpartum body pain. Psychol. Mon. 2019, 9, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Ma, D. Clinical Study on Xiaoxuming Tang for Postpartum Impediment Syndrome. J. New Chin. Med. 2021, 4, 39–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, T.; Zhou, M. Influence of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction on joint pain and sleep quality in patients with postpartum arthralgia. Mod. Med. J. 2018, 46, 611–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, N.; Lin, C.; Liu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Lu, J. Therapeutic Evaluation of Chanhoubi Decoction in Treatment of Postpartum Paralysis. Liaoning J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2016, 43, 333–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, G.C. Analysis on the Treatment of Postpartum Joint Pain. Cap. Med. 2018, 11, 24. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, B.; Zhang, L.; Wei, W. Warming Needle Moxibustion Combined with Yangyuan Huoxue Decoction for the Treatment of Postpartum Backache. World Chin. Med. 2020, 15, 2317–2320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, F.; Du, G.; Zhang, C. Clinical observation on grain-moxibustion combined with Duhuo Jisheng decoction in treatment of postpartum pain of exogenous syndrome. China Med. Pharm. 2020, 10, 55–58. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, H.; Sun, J.; Li, Y. Clinical Study of Duhuo Jisheng Decoction Combined with American Chiropractic Therapy in Treatment of Postpartum Low Back Pain. Chin. Foreign Med. Res. 2019, 17, 38–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009, 339, b2535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W. Clinical Observation of Radix Astragali Cassia Twigs Five Decoction in the Treatment of Postpartum Body Pain. Chin. J. Med. Guide 2014, 16, 1219–1220. [Google Scholar]
- Weiner, D.K.; Ernst, E. Complementary and alternative approaches to the treatment of persistent musculoskeletal pain. Clin. J. Pain 2004, 20, 244–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, H.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Deng, P.; Huang, F.S.; Du, X.; Chen, Z.J.; Ma, Y.F. Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture Combined with Herbal Medicine in Treating Gouty Arthritis: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2021, 2021, 8161731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aitken, Z.; Garrett, C.C.; Hewitt, B.; Keogh, L.; Hocking, J.S.; Kavanagh, A.M. The maternal health outcomes of paid maternity leave: A systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 130, 32–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hewitt, B.; Strazdins, L.; Martin, B. The benefits of paid maternity leave for mothers’ post-partum health and wellbeing: Evidence from an Australian evaluation. Soc. Sci. Med. 2017, 182, 97–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Niel, M.S.; Bhatia, R.; Riano, N.S.; Faria, L.D.; Catapano-Friedman, S.; Ravven, S.; Weissman, B.; Nzodom, C.; Alexander, A.; Budde, K.; et al. The Impact of Paid Maternity Leave on the Mental and Physical Health of Mothers and Children: A Review of the Literature and Policy Implications. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 2020, 28, 113–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shehzad, A.; Parveen, S.; Qureshi, M.; Subhan, F.; Lee, Y.S. Decursin and decursinol angelate: Molecular mechanism and therpeutic potential in inflammatory diseas. Inflamm. Res. 2017, 67, 209–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, Y.C.; Jeong, Y.H.; Li, W.; Go, Y.H. Angelicae Gigantis Radix Regulates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia by Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK Activity and Inducing Nrf-2 Activity. Molecules 2019, 24, 3755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.Y.; Lin, S.; Lin, Y.; Huang, L.Q.; Xie, X.M.; Tian, G.H. Medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine compounds for pain. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2023, 48, 3386–3393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, T.; Wang, H.; Cao, L.; Wang, Q.; Takahashi, S.; Yagai, T.; Li, G.; Krausz, K.W.; Wang, G.; Gonzalez, F.J.; et al. Glycyrrhizin alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via modulating bile acids and meta-inflammation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2018, 46, 1310–1319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pastorino, G.; Cornara, L.; Soares, S.; Rodrigues, F.; Oliveira, B.P.P. Liquoric (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother. Res. 2018, 32, 2323–2339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.S.; Gao, T. Comparative studies of paeoniflorin and albiflorin from Paeonia lactiflora on anti-inflammatory activities. Pharm. Biol. 2014, 52, 1189–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, B.; Shen, M.; Fang, J.; Wei, D.; Qin, L. Advancement in the chemical analysis of Paeoniae Radix (Shaoyao). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018, 160, 276–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Wei, W. Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020, 207, 107452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yano, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Yuzurihara, M.; Kase, Y.; Takeda, S.; Watanabe, S.; Aburada, M.; Miyamoto, K. Antinociceptive effect of methyleugenol on formalin-induced hyperalgesi in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 553, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sim, T.F.; Sherriff, J.; Hattingh, H.L.; Parsons, R.; Tee, L.B.G. The use of herbal medicines during breastfeeding: A population-based survey in western australia. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 13, 317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Sawalha, N.A.; Tahaineh, L.; Sawalha, A.; Almomani, B.A. Medication use in breastfeeding women: A national study. Breastfeed. Med. 2016, 11, 386–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, B.P.; Kaikai, A.I.; Bah, A.J.; Steel, A.; Wardle, J. Herbal medicine use during breastfeeding: A cross-sectional study among mothers visiting public heallth facilities in the western area of Sierra Leone. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2019, 19, 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bazzano, A.N.; Hofer, R.; Thibeau, S.; Gillispie, V.; Jacobs, M.; Theall, K.P. A review of herbal and pharmaceutical galactagogues for breast-feeding. Ochsner J. 2016, 16, 511–524. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.C. Chinese Values, Health and Nursing. J. Adv. Nurs. 2001, 36, 270–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.Y.; Liu, H.Y.; Lou, Y.Q. Syndrome differentiation and treatment of postpartum arthralgia. China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm. 2020, 35, 726–728. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, W.; Song, C.; Lei, Z.; Li, Y.; He, X.; Yu, J.; Yang, X. Anti-fatigue effect of traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Saudi Pharm. J. 2023, 31, 597–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, P.J.; Tseng, Y.C.; Chuang, C.H.; Chen, Y.C.; Hsieh, W.S.; Hurng, B.S.; Lin, S.J.; Chen, P.C. Use of Sheng-Hua-Tang and health-related quality of life in postpartum women: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2010, 47, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1.
Flowchart of the RCT selection process. CCTs, controlled clinical trials; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure; CiNii, Citation Information by NII; KISS, Korea Studies Information Service System; OASIS, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System; KMBASE, Korean Medical Database.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of the RCT selection process. CCTs, controlled clinical trials; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure; CiNii, Citation Information by NII; KISS, Korea Studies Information Service System; OASIS, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System; KMBASE, Korean Medical Database.
Figure 2.
Frequency of herbs used in the included studies.
Figure 3.
Forest plot for visual analog score (VAS). VAS of the herbal medicine treatment group was significantly lower than that of the Western medicine treatment group [31,34,35].
Figure 4.
Forest plot for total effective rate. CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel Formula. The total effective rate of the herbal medicine group was significantly higher than that of the Western medicine treatment group [31,32,33,34,35].
Figure 5.
Forest plot for scores of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes. CI, confidence interval. The TCM of the herbal medicine group was statistically lower than that of the Western medicine treatment group [31,34,35].
Figure 6.
Forest plot for SF-36 (role-emotional). CI, confidence interval. The role-emotional indicator of the herbal medicine group was significantly improved compared to conventional treatment [31,33].
Figure 7.
Forest plot for SF-36 (social functioning). CI, confidence interval. The social functioning of the herbal medicine group had no statistical significance compared to conventional treatment [31,33].
Figure 8.
Forest plot for adverse events. CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel Formula. Number of adverse events was not statistically significant between both groups [31,32,33,35,39].
Figure 9.
Risk of bias graph and summary [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. +, Low risk of bias; ?, Unclear risk of bias; −, High risk of bias.
Figure 10.
Funnel plot: total effectiveness rate (TER) for puerperal wind syndrome.
Figure 11.
Summary of overall findings from this systematic review.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, Year | Sample Size | Average Age (Experimental Group/Control Group) | Primipara/Multipara (Experimental Group/Control Group) | Experimental Group (No. of Participants Analyzed/ Randomized) | Control Group (No. of Participants Analyzed/ Randomized) | Outcome Measures | Main Results | Adverse Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu (2020) [31] | 80 | 27.5 ± 2.4 28.2 ± 3.2 | 23/17 21/19 | Modified Wenjing decoction (40/40) | Ibuprofen (40/40) | (1) TER | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.08) | TG < CG (p < 0.05) |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (3) Scores of TCM syndromes | (3) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (4) SF-36 ① Physical functioning ② Bodily pain ③ Social functioning ④ Role-emotional | (4) ① Positive (p < 0.00001) ② Positive (p < 0.00001) ③ Positive (p < 0.00001) ④ Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| Zhang (2019) [32] | 60 | 29.3 29.2 | 18/12 19/11 | Wenjing decoction (30/30) | Ibuprofen (30/30) | (1) TER | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.05) | TG < CG (p < 0.05) |
| Chen (2021) [33] | 92 | 33.29 ± 3.45 33.09 ± 3.31 | 12/34 13/33 | Xiaoxuming Tang (46/46) | Indomethacin cataplasm (46/46) | (1) TER | (1) Positive (p < 0.05) | TG < CG (p < 0.05) |
| (2) SF-36 ① Role-physical ② General health ③ Vitality ④ Social Functioning ⑤ Role-emotional ⑥ Mental health | (2) ① Positive (p = 0.001) ② Positive (p = 0.002) ③ Positive (p < 0.0001) ④ Positive (p = 0.002) ⑤ Positive (p = 0.0008) ⑥ Positive (p = 0.001) | |||||||
| Wang (2018) [34] | 82 | 29.02 ± 4.41 28.79 ± 4.25 | 31/10 33/8 | Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (41/41) | Indomethacin cataplasm (41/41) | (1) TER | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.05) | N.R. |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (3) Scores of TCM syndromes | (3) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (4) PSQI | (4) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (5) Number of painful joints | (5) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (6) Duration of morning stiffness | (6) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| Li (2016) [35] | 60 | 30.16 ± 7.87 29.73 ± 7.49 | N.R. | Chanhoubi decoction (28/30) | Indomethacin cataplasm (27/30) | (1) TER | (1) Positive (p < 0.05) | No significant difference |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (3) Scores of TCM syndromes | (3) Positive (p < 0.01) | |||||||
| (4) WHOQOL-BREF | (4) Positive (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| (5) Number of painful joints | (5) No significant difference | |||||||
| (6) Duration of morning stiffness | (6) Positive (p < 0.01) | |||||||
| Zhao (2018) [36] | 96 | N.R. | N.R. | Chanhoubi decoction + indomethacin cataplasm (48/48) | Indomethacin cataplasm (48/48) | (1) Pain improvement rate | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.31) | N.R. |
| (2) Period to improvement in symptoms (weeks) | (2) Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| (3) Scores of quality of life | (3) Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| Mao (2020) [37] | 64 | 28.34 ± 3.21 28.14 ± 3.17 | N.R. | Yangyuan Huoxue decoction + warm needle acupuncture (32/32) | Warm needle acupuncture (32/32) | (1) TER | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.11) | N.R. |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| (3) ODI | (3) Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| (4) SF-36 ① Sleep ② Mental health ③ Diet ④ Social functioning | (4) ① Positive (p < 0.00001) ② Positive (p < 0.00001) ③ Positive (p < 0.00001) ④ Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| (5) Serum cytokine level ① Serum 6-Keto-PGFlα ② IL-1β ③ CGRP ④ TXB2 | (5) ① Positive (p = 0.004) ② Positive (p < 0.00001) ③ Positive (p < 0.00001) ④ Positive (p < 0.00001) | |||||||
| Zhang (2020) [38] | 60 | 27.1 ± 4.0 26.3 ± 3.7 | N.R. | Duhuo Jisheng decoction + moxibustion (30/30) | Moxibustion (30/30) | (1) TER | (1) No significant difference (p = 0.28) | N.R. |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p = 0.0006) | |||||||
| Wu (2019) [39] | 58 | 35.41 ± 5.24 36.02 ± 5.09 | N.R. | Duhuo Jisheng decoction + Chuna (29/29) | Chuna (29/29) | (1) TER | (1) Positive (p = 0.04) | TG < CG (p < 0.05) |
| (2) VAS | (2) Positive (p < 0.0001) | |||||||
| (3) ODI | (3) Positive (p < 0.0001) | |||||||
| (4) Recurrence rate | (4) Positive (p = 0.04) |
TER, total effectiveness rate; TG, treatment group; CG, control group; VAS, visual analog scale; N.R., not recorded; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale; SF-36, 36-Item Short-Form Survey; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; Serum 6-Keto-PGF1α, serum ketoprostaglandin Flα; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; TXB2, Thromboxane 2; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Table 2.
Characteristics of herbal medicine interventions in the included studies.
| Author, Year | Duration | Frequency | Composition of Herbal Medicine | Modified Herb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu (2020) [31] | 1 month | Twice a day | Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens 3 pieces, Asini Corii Colla 10 g, Moutan Cortex 8 g, Liriopis Tuber 20 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 1 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 10 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 15 g, Schizonepetae Spica 15 g, Evodiae Fructus 8 g, Cinnamomi Ramulus 15 g, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba 10 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 30 g, Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata 8 g, Astragali Radix 15 g, Astragali Radix Preparata 20 g, Gingseng Radix 8 g |
|
| Zhang (2019) [32] | 1 month | Twice a day | Astragali Radix 15 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 15 g, Schizonepetae Spica 15 g, Astragali Radix Preparata 20 g, Liriopis Tuber 20 g, Gingseng Radix 8 g, Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata 8 g, Moutan Cortex 8 g, Evodiae Fructus 8 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 30 g, Asini Corii Colla 10 g, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba 10 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 10 g, Cinnamomi Ramulus 15 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 1 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens 3 pieces |
|
| Chen (2021) [33] | 3 months | Twice a day | Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma 10 g, Paeoniae Radix rubra 10 g, Armeniacae Semen 10 g, Saposhnikoviae Radix 10 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 10 g, Cinnamomi Cortex 15 g, Scutellariae Radix 15 g, Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix 15 g, Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata 6 g, Ephedrae Herba 6 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g | |
| Wang (2018) [34] | 1 month | Three times a day | Astragali Radix 45 g, Cinnamomi Ramulus 15 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 20 g, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens 18 g, Zizyphi Fructus 4 pieces, Cocicis Semen 30 g, Mucunae Caulis 30 g, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix 15 g, Atractyodis Rhizoma 15 g, Achyranthis Radix 15 g, Citri Unshius Pericarpium 12 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 12 g, Scorpio 10 g, Carthami Flos 10 g, Persicae Semen 10 g, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba 10 g, Saposhnikoviae Radix 10 g |
|
| Li (2016) [35] | 8 weeks | Three times a day | Cinnamomi Ramulus 10 g, Poria Sclerotium 20 g, Moutan Cortex 10 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 15 g, Persicae Semen 10 g, Curcumae Longae Rhizoma 15 g, Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata 10 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 10 g, Zingiberis Rhizoma 10 g, Scorpio 5 g, Astragali Radix 20 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g | |
| Zhao (2018) [36] | 10 weeks | Once a day | Poria Sclerotium 20 g, Cinnamomi Ramulus 10 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 15 g, Curcumae Longae Rhizoma 15 g, Moutan Cortex 10 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Zingiberis Rhizoma 10 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 10 g, Astragali Radix 20 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g | |
| Mao (2020) [37] | 14 days | Once a day | Gingseng Radix Rubra 15 g, Astragali Radix Preparata 20 g, Acontii Lateralis Radix Preparata 8 g, Cinnamomi Ramulus 15 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 3 g, Osterici Radix 9 g, Araliae Continentalis Radix 12 g, Eucommiae Cortex 15 g, Achyranthis Radix 15 g, Liriopis Tuber 20 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 15 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 10 g, Mucunae Caulis 15 g, Asini Corii Colla 10 g, Piperis Kandsurae Caulis 15 g, Corydalis Tuber 15 g, Clematidis Radix 20 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 30 g, Bupleuri Radix 9 g, Chaenomelis Fructus 9 g, Citri Unshius Pericarpium 8 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g |
|
| Zhang (2020) [38] | 10 days | Twice a day | Araliae Continentalis Radix 9 g, Loranthi Ramulus 6 g, Eucommiae Cortex 6 g, Achyranthis Radix 6 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix 6 g, Poria Sclerotium 6 g, Cinnamomi Cortex 6 g, Saposhnikoviae Radix 6 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 6 g, Gingseng Radix 6 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 6 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 6 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 6 g, Rehmanniae Radix 6 g | - |
| Wu (2019) [39] | 7 days | Twice a day | Loranthi Ramulus 20 g, Achyranthis Radix 20 g, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata 20 g, Eucommiae Cortex 20 g, Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix 15 g, Araliae Continentalis Radix 15 g, Saposhnikoviae Radix 15 g, Paeoniae Radix Alba 15 g, Angelicae Gigantis Radix 15 g, Cnidii Rhizoma 15 g, Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix 15 g, Poria Sclerotium 15 g, Cinnamomi Cortex 10 g, Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma 10 g, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma 10 g | - |
Table 3.
Characteristics of conventional treatment interventions in the included studies.
| Author, Year | Ingredient | Dose | Administration Route | Frequency | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu (2020) [31] | Ibuprofen | 1 capsule (0.3 g) | Oral | Twice a day | 1 month |
| Zhang (2019) [32] | Ibuprofen | 1 capsule (0.3 g) | Oral | Twice a day | 1 month |
| Chen (2021) [33] | Indomethacin | N.R. | Cataplasm | Once a day | 3 months |
| Wang (2018) [34] | Indomethacin | N.R. | Cataplasm | Once a day | 1 month |
| Li (2016) [35] | Indomethacin | N.R. | Cataplasm | Once a day | 8 weeks |
| Mao (2020) [36] | Indomethacin | N.R. | Cataplasm | Once a day | 10 weeks |
N.R., Not recorded.
Table 4.
Measurement method of TER for puerperal wind syndrome in the included studies.
| Author, Year | Scale of TER | Symptoms Included in the TER Evaluation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | Discomfort | Coldness | Numbness | Swelling | Functional Activity | Fatigue | ||
| Lu (2020) [31] | 3-point scale | O | O | X | O | O | O | X |
| Zhang (2019) [32] | 3-point scale | O | X | X | O | X | O | X |
| Chen (2021) [33] | 4-point scale | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. |
| Wang (2018) [34] | 4-point scale | O | X | O | O | X | O | O |
| Li (2016) [35] | 4-point scale | O | X | O | O | X | X | O |
| Mao (2020) [37] | 3-point scale | O | X | X | X | X | O | X |
| Zhang (2020) [38] | 4-point scale | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. | N.R. |
| Wu (2019) [39] | 3-point scale | O | X | X | X | X | O | X |
N.R., Not recorded.
Table 5.
Summary of findings for visual analog score (VAS).
| Outcome | Number of Participants (Studies) | Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE) | Relative Effect (95%) | Anticipated Absolute Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed Risk | |||||
| Placebo | Risk Difference with Pain (VAS) | ||||
| Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment | 217 (3 studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | - | MD 1.4 lower (2.02 lower to 0.78 lower) |
| Herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture | 64 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | - | MD 1.4 lower (2.02 lower to 0.78 lower) |
| Herbal medicine plus moxibustion versus moxibution | 60 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | - | MD 1.4 lower (2.02 lower to 0.78 lower) |
| Herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna | 58 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | - | MD 1.28 lower (1.85 lower to 0.71 lower) |
Table 6.
Summary of findings for total effective rate.
| Outcome | Number of Participants (Studies) | Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE) | Relative Effect (95%) | Anticipated Absolute Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed Risk | |||||
| Placebo | Risk Difference with TER | ||||
| Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment | 369 (5 studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | RR 1.19 (1.10 to 1.29) | 772 per 1000 | 147 more per 1000 (77 more to 224 more) |
| Herbal medicine plus warm needle acupuncture versus warm needle acupuncture | 64 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | RR 1.21 (0.96 to 1.52) | 750 per 1000 | 157 more per 1000 (30 fewer to 390 more) |
| Herbal medicine plus moxibustion versus moxibution | 60 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | RR 1.13 (0.91 to 1.39) | 800 per 1000 | 104 more per 1000 (72 fewer to 312 more) |
| Herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna | 58 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | RR 1.29 (1.01 to 1.64) | 724 per 1000 | 210 more per 1000 (7 more to 463 more) |
Table 7.
Summary of findings for scores of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
| Outcome | Number of Participants (Studies) | Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE) | Relative Effect (95%) | Anticipated Absolute Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed Risk | |||||
| Placebo | Risk Difference with Scores of TCM Syndromes | ||||
| Herbal medicine versus conventional treatment | 217 (3 studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | - | MD 4.05 lower (6.05 lower to 2.05 lower) |
Table 8.
Summary of findings for Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
| Outcome | Number of Participants (Studies) | Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE) | Relative Effect (95%) | Anticipated Absolute Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed Risk | |||||
| Placebo | Risk Difference with ODI | ||||
| Herbal medicine plus Chuna versus Chuna | 58 (1 study) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low | - | - | MD 4.92 lower (7.32 lower to 2.52 lower) |
Table 9.
Summary of findings for SF-36.
| Outcome | Number of Participants (Studies) | Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE) | Relative Effect (95%) | Anticipated Absolute Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed Risk | |||||
| Placebo | Risk Difference with QOL | ||||
| SF-36 (Role-emotional) | 172 (2 studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | - | MD 14.33 higher (13.13 higher to 15.53 higher) |
| SF-36 (Social functioning) | 172 (2 studies) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate | - | - | MD 11.14 higher (2.21 lower to 24.5 higher) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Kwon, N.-Y.; Lee, H.-Y.; Hwang, S.-I.; Sung, S.-H.; Cho, S.-J.; Yoon, Y.-J.; Park, J.-K. Herbal Medicine for Postpartum Pain: A Systematic Review of Puerperal Wind Syndrome (Sanhupung). Healthcare 2023, 11, 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202743
AMA Style
Kwon N-Y, Lee H-Y, Hwang S-I, Sung S-H, Cho S-J, Yoon Y-J, Park J-K. Herbal Medicine for Postpartum Pain: A Systematic Review of Puerperal Wind Syndrome (Sanhupung). Healthcare. 2023; 11(20):2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202743
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Na-Yoen, Hee-Yoon Lee, Su-In Hwang, Soo-Hyun Sung, Su-Jin Cho, Young-Jin Yoon, and Jang-Kyung Park. 2023. "Herbal Medicine for Postpartum Pain: A Systematic Review of Puerperal Wind Syndrome (Sanhupung)" Healthcare 11, no. 20: 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202743
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
