Ankle–Brachial Index Predicts Long-Term Renal Outcomes in Acute Stroke Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Dataset
2.2. Baseline Survey
2.3. Outcome Definition and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enrolled Subjects (n = 637) a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABI > 0.9 | ABI ≤ 0.9 | p | baPWV < 14 | baPWV ≥ 14 | p | ||
n | 524 | 113 | 44 | 559 | |||
Age (mean ± SD) | [years] | 66.7 ± 12.8 | 75.4 ± 13.2 | <0.001 | 56.4 ± 19.5 | 68.9 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
Male | n [%] | 323 (61.6) | 66 (58.4) | 0.594 | 28 (63.64) | 345 (61.72) | 0.927 |
BMI (mean ± SD) | [kg/m2] | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 22.9 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | 24.0 ± 4.4 | 24.3 ± 4.1 | 0.977 |
Hyperlipidemia | n [%] | 308 (58.8) | 68 (60.2) | 0.866 | 24 (54.6) | 334 (59.8) | 0.605 |
Heart disease | n [%] | 36 (6.9) | 13 (11.5) | 0.138 | 8 (18.2) | 92 (16.5) | 0.932 |
Hypertension | n [%] | 340 (65.4) | 88 (77.9) | 0.014 | 17 (38.6) | 389 (70.1) | <0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus | n [%] | 168 (32.31) | 39 (34.5) | 0.732 | 7 (15.9) | 189 (34.1) | 0.021 |
ABI ≤ 0.9 | n [%] | - | - | - | 10 (22.7) | 92 (16.5) | 0.390 |
baPWV ≥ 1.4 | n [%] | 467 (93.2) | 92 (90.2) | 0.390 | - | - | - |
eGFR (mean ± SD) | [mL/min/1.73 m2] | 73.7 ± 21.5 | 64.3 ± 23.2 | <0.001 | 76.1 ± 19.6 | 72.1 ± 22.0 | 0.205 |
IC vs. HC | LC vs. HC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Crude OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value |
Age | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | <0.001 * | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 0.001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.017 * |
Male | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 0.772 | 1.13 (0.65–1.95) | 0.672 | ||||
BMI | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.774 | 0.96 (0.89–1.02) | 0.191 | ||||
Borderline ABI (0.91~0.99) | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) | 0.560 | 0.79 (0.44–1.41) | 0.421 | 2.12 (1.05–4.29) | 0.037 | 1.55 (0.71–3.40) | 0.274 |
Abnormal ABI (≤0.90) | 1.94 (1.21–3.08) | 0.006 | 1.25 (0.73–2.15) | 0.413 | 3.15 (1.67–5.96) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.16–4.95) | 0.019 * |
baPWV ≥ 1.4 | 1.31 (0.63–2.75) | 0.469 | 1.60 (0.47–5.42) | 0.447 | ||||
Hyperlipidemia | 0.90 (0.63–1.30) | 0.585 | 0.92 (0.54–1.57) | 0.757 | ||||
Heart disease | 1.46 (0.75–2.85) | 0.263 | 1.00 (0.45–2.23) | 0.995 | 2.47 (1.10–5.58) | 0.029 | 1.24 (0.44–3.51) | 0.690 |
Smoking | 0.51 (0.25–1.05) | 0.067 | 0.36 (0.08–1.61) | 0.183 | ||||
Hypertension | 1.30 (0.88–1.91) | 0.189 | 1.77 (0.96–3.26) | 0.069 | ||||
Diabetes Mellitus | 0.92(0.63–1.36) | 0.683 | 1.43 (0.83–2.46) | 0.193 | ||||
Poor discharge mRS (≥2) | 1.73 (1.14–2.60) | 0.009 | 1.26 (0.81–1.97) | 0.303 | 1.63 (0.89–2.99) | 0.113 | 1.09 (0.57–2.08) | 0.802 |
A 30% Decline in eGFR | Serum Creatinine Doubling | ESRD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Age | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) * | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) * |
Male | 0.77 (0.50–1.18) | - | 0.99 (0.51–1.91) | - | 1.36 (0.56–3.28) | - |
BMI | 0.99 (0.93–1.04) | - | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | - | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | - |
Borderline ABI (0.91~0.99) | 1.33 (0.72–2.46) | 1.15 (0.60–2.22) | 2.09 (0.86–5.09) | 1.98 (0.78–4.98) | 1.06 (0.24–4.68) | 0.91 (0.21–4.04) |
Abnormal ABI (≤0.90) | 2.24 (1.35–3.71) | 1.90 (1.09–3.34) * | 4.35 (2.15–8.80) | 3.60 (1.64–7.91) * | 4.04 (1.56–10.45) | 3.28 (1.23–8.74) * |
baPWV ≥ 1.4 | 0.99 (0.40–2.46) | - | 0.54 (0.19–1.53) | - | 0.59 (0.14–2.56) | - |
Hyperlipidemia | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | - | 1.08 (0.55–2.11) | - | 1.17 (0.50–2.73) | - |
Heart disease | 0.95 (0.47–1.92) | - | 0.65 (0.20–2.14) | - | 1.03 (0.30–3.52) | - |
Smoking | 0.84 (0.37–1.94) | - | 1.01 (0.33–3.09) | - | 0.99 (0.27–3.70) | - |
Hypertension | 1.47 (0.91–2.39) | - | 1.65 (0.80–3.42) | - | 1.36 (0.56–3.30) | - |
Diabetes Mellitus | 1.66 (1.08–2.55) | 1.61 (1.00–2.60) * | 1.51 (0.79–2.88) | - | 1.40 (0.62–3.16) | - |
Poor discharge mRS (≥2) | 2.02 (1.18–3.44) | 1.45 (0.84–2.52) | 2.57 (1.12–5.90) | 1.74 (0.73–4.12) | 1.21 (0.52–2.84) | - |
(1) eGFR Decline > 30% | |||||
ABI group | p Value | ||||
ABI > 1.1 (n = 172) | 0.9 < ABI ≤ 1.1 (n = 351) | 0.7 < ABI ≤ 0.9 (n = 72) | ABI ≤ 0.7 (n = 41) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
No | 150 (87.21) | 297 (84.62) | 55 (76.39) | 30 (73.17) | 0.048 |
Yes | 22 (12.79) | 54 (15.38) | 17 (23.61) | 11 (26.83) | |
(2) SerumCreatinineDoubling | |||||
ABI group | p Value | ||||
ABI > 1.1 (n = 172) | 0.9 < ABI ≤ 1.1 (n = 351) | 0.7 < ABI ≤ 0.9 (n = 72) | ABI ≤ 0.7 (n = 41) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
No | 165 (95.93) | 335 (95.44) | 64 (88.89) | 34 (82.93) | 0.004 |
Yes | 7 (4.07) | 16 (4.56) | 8 (11.11) | 7 (17.07) | |
(3) The Occurrence of ESRD | |||||
ABI group | p Value | ||||
ABI > 1.1 (n = 171) | 0.9 < ABI ≤ 1.1 (n = 339) | 0.7 < ABI ≤ 0.9 (n = 68) | ABI ≤ 0.7 (n = 39) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
No | 164 (95.91) | 329 (97.05) | 64 (94.12) | 36 (92.31) | 0.268 |
Yes | 7 (4.09) | 10 (2.95) | 4 (5.88) | 3 (7.69) |
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Lee, T.-L.; Chang, Y.-M.; Liu, C.-H.; Su, H.-C.; Sung, P.-S.; Lin, S.-H.; Chen, C.-H. Ankle–Brachial Index Predicts Long-Term Renal Outcomes in Acute Stroke Patients. Healthcare 2022, 10, 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050913
Lee T-L, Chang Y-M, Liu C-H, Su H-C, Sung P-S, Lin S-H, Chen C-H. Ankle–Brachial Index Predicts Long-Term Renal Outcomes in Acute Stroke Patients. Healthcare. 2022; 10(5):913. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050913
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Tsung-Lin, Yu-Ming Chang, Chi-Hung Liu, Hui-Chen Su, Pi-Shan Sung, Sheng-Hsiang Lin, and Chih-Hung Chen. 2022. "Ankle–Brachial Index Predicts Long-Term Renal Outcomes in Acute Stroke Patients" Healthcare 10, no. 5: 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050913