Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Reports of large and comprehensive U.S. surveillance programs, of which SEER (The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) for cancer is the best example.
- (2)
- Studies using large and representative health care claims and electronic medical records data sets, often reporting on large fractions of the U.S. population, such as Medicare.
- (3)
- National surveys with standardized sampling strategies for extrapolation to the U.S. population, such as NHANES and NHIS.
- (4)
- Review articles that relied on one or more of these source-types.
3. Results
Disease | Incidence/Prevalence | Black/AA Disparity Incidence/Prevalence | Black/AA Disparity in Severity | Hispanic Disparity Incidence/Prevalence | Hispanic Disparity in Severity | Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oncology | ||||||
Prostate Cancer | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [31,32,33,34,35] |
Lung Cancer | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [35,36,37] |
Breast Cancer | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [35,38,39,40,41,42,43] |
Bladder Cancer | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [44,45] |
Colorectal Cancer | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [35,46,47,48] |
Head and Neck Cancer | 2 | 2 | 2 | ND | 2 | [49,50,51,52,53] |
Melanoma | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [54,55] |
Multiple Myeloma | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | [11,12,56] |
Inflammation and Immunology | ||||||
Ankylosing Spondylitis | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | [57,58,59,60] |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [61,62,63,64,65] |
Osteoarthritis | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] |
Atopic Dermatitis | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | [84,85,86,87,88,89] |
Psoriasis | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ND | [90,91,92] |
Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1 | 3 | 2 | ND | 2 | [13,93,94,95,96] |
Vitiligo | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | [97,98,99,100] |
Alopecia Areata | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [101,102] |
Stasis dermatitis | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ND | [103,104] |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | [14,15,16,17,18,19,20] |
Internal Medicine | ||||||
Diabetes Mellitus | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | [26,27,28,29,30] |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ND | [105,106,107,108,109,110] |
Obesity | 3 | 2 | ND | 3 | ND | [23,24,25] |
Pain | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [111,112,113,114] |
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | [21,115,116,117,118,119] |
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [120,121,122] |
Rare Disease | ||||||
LMNA-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 0 | 3 | ND | ND | ND | [123] |
Growth Hormone Deficiency | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ND | [124,125] |
Hemophilia | 0 | 0 | ND | 1 | 2 | [126,127] |
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 1 | [128,129,130] |
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | 1 | 3 | 1 | ND | ND | [131,132,133] |
Achondroplasia | 0 | ND | ND | 0 | ND | [134,135] |
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 0 | 0 | 2 | ND | ND | [136,137,138] |
Sickle Cell Anemia | 0 | 3 | ND | 0 | ND | [139,140] |
Vaccines | ||||||
Lyme Disease | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | ND | [141,142,143] |
Clostridium Difficile Colitis | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [144,145] |
Streptococcus Pneumoniae | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ND | [146,147,148,149,150,151] |
Group B Streptococcus | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ND | [152,153,154] |
Meningococcal Meningitis | 0 | 2 | 2 | ND | ND | [149,155,156] |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cullen, M.R.; Lemeshow, A.R.; Russo, L.J.; Barnes, D.M.; Ababio, Y.; Habtezion, A. Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity. Healthcare 2022, 10, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040603
Cullen MR, Lemeshow AR, Russo LJ, Barnes DM, Ababio Y, Habtezion A. Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity. Healthcare. 2022; 10(4):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040603
Chicago/Turabian StyleCullen, Mark R., Adina R. Lemeshow, Leo J. Russo, David M. Barnes, Yaa Ababio, and Aida Habtezion. 2022. "Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity" Healthcare 10, no. 4: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040603
APA StyleCullen, M. R., Lemeshow, A. R., Russo, L. J., Barnes, D. M., Ababio, Y., & Habtezion, A. (2022). Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity. Healthcare, 10(4), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040603