Changes in Daily Life, Physical Activity, GAD, Depression, and Personal Hygiene of Adolescents in South Korea Due to the COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Designs and Sampling
2.2. Data Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in General Characteristics in the First and Second Years of the COVID-19 Outbreak
3.2. Emotional and Cognitive Changes in the First and Second Years of the COVID-19 Outbreak
3.3. Changes in Diet and Daily Life in the First and Second Years of the COVID-19 Outbreak
3.4. Changes in Personal Hygiene Habits Due to the COVID-19 Outbreak
3.5. Changes in Daily Life Due to the COVID-19 Outbreak
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | COVID-19 | X2/z | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Height (m) 4 | 166.09 | 8.41 | 166.16 | 8.36 | −1.308 | 0.191 | |
Weight (kg) 4 | 59.79 | 13.20 | 60.11 | 13.73 | −1.774 | 0.076 | |
Body Mass Index 4 | 21.53 | 3.66 | 21.62 | 3.83 | −1.611 | 0.107 | |
Age 4 | 15.10 | 1.75 | 15.09 | 1.74 | −0.712 | 0.476 | |
Obesity 3 | Normal | 41,164 | 81.9 | 40,624 | 80.7 | 25.548 | 0.000 |
Obesity | 9093 | 18.1 | 9738 | 19.3 | |||
Sex 3 | Man | 28,353 | 51.6 | 28,401 | 51.8 | 0.362 | 0.547 |
Woman | 26,595 | 48.4 | 26,447 | 48.2 | |||
Weight loss efforts in the past month 3 | No effort | 24,774 | 45.1 | 25,436 | 46.4 | 31.397 | 0.000 |
Tried to lose weight | 19,272 | 35.1 | 18,590 | 33.9 | |||
Tried to gain weight | 4220 | 7.7 | 3962 | 7.2 | |||
Maintained weight | 6682 | 12.2 | 6860 | 12.5 | |||
Smartphone use during the week 3 | Did not use | 1970 | 3.6 | 1725 | 3.1 | 16.352 | 0.000 |
Used | 52,978 | 96.4 | 53,123 | 96.9 | |||
Weekend smartphone use 3 | Did not use | 1800 | 3.3 | 1798 | 3.3 | 0.000 | 0.983 |
Used | 53,148 | 96.7 | 53,050 | 96.7 |
Variable | COVID-19 | Z 3 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | ||||||
M 1 | SD 2 | M | SD | ||||
Health perception | 3.89 | 0.90 | 3.77 | 0.91 | −23.036 | 0.000 | |
Subjective body shape perception | 3.18 | 0.97 | 3.17 | 0.98 | −2.910 | 0.004 | |
Stress perception | 3.17 | 0.94 | 3.27 | 0.96 | −18.228 | 0.000 | |
Degree of fatigue recovery from sleep 4 | 2.94 | 1.14 | 2.72 | 1.10 | −32.860 | 0.000 | |
Feeling agitated, anxious, or irritable 5 | 1.56 | 0.77 | 1.61 | 0.79 | −10.778 | 0.000 | |
Inability to stop worrying 5 | 1.60 | 0.82 | 1.64 | 0.85 | −7.299 | 0.000 | |
Worrying too much about various things 5 | 1.97 | 0.95 | 2.00 | 0.97 | −4.966 | 0.000 | |
General unease 5 | 1.46 | 0.76 | 1.49 | 0.79 | −7.553 | 0.000 | |
Restlessness 5 | 1.27 | 0.62 | 1.30 | 0.65 | −4.871 | 0.000 | |
Easily irritable 5 | 1.70 | 0.87 | 1.73 | 0.88 | −5.492 | 0.000 | |
Feeling afraid that something terrible is about to happen 5 | 1.36 | 0.71 | 1.37 | 0.73 | −3.171 | 0.002 | |
GAD 5 | 10.91 | 4.37 | 11.13 | 4.50 | −8.789 | 0.000 | |
Sadness and despair 6 | No | 41,108 | 74.8 | 40,156 | 73.2 | 36.503 | 0.000 |
Yes | 13,840 | 25.2 | 14,692 | 26.8 | |||
Suicidal thoughts 6 | No | 48,969 | 89.1 | 47,892 | 87.3 | 85.678 | 0.000 |
Yes | 5979 | 10.9 | 6956 | 12.7 | |||
Suicide plan 6 | No | 52,995 | 96.4 | 52,642 | 96.0 | 16.479 | 0.000 |
Yes | 1953 | 3.6 | 2206 | 4.0 | |||
Suicide attempt 6 | No | 53,827 | 98.0 | 53,603 | 97.7 | 6.875 | 0.009 |
Yes | 1121 | 2.0 | 1245 | 2.3 |
Variable | COVID-19 | X2 3 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | ||||||
N 1 | % 2 | N | % | ||||
Breakfast (bread, sun food or wheat flour, oatmeal, cereal, etc.) 4 | 0th time | 11,441 | 20.8 | 11,904 | 21.7 | 39.341 | 0.000 |
1st time | 4234 | 7.7 | 4031 | 7.3 | |||
2nd time | 5010 | 9.1 | 4875 | 8.9 | |||
3rd time | 4698 | 8.5 | 4527 | 8.3 | |||
4th time | 3901 | 7.1 | 3825 | 7.0 | |||
5th time | 6069 | 11.0 | 6494 | 11.8 | |||
6th time | 3857 | 7.0 | 3853 | 7.0 | |||
7th time | 15,738 | 28.6 | 15,339 | 28.0 | |||
Fruit (fruit juice excluded) 4 | 0th time | 7130 | 13.0 | 6544 | 11.9 | 56.939 | 0.000 |
1~2nd time/1 week | 17,643 | 32.1 | 17,639 | 32.2 | |||
3~4th time/1 week | 14,613 | 26.6 | 15,293 | 27.9 | |||
5~6th time/1 week | 5561 | 10.1 | 5586 | 10.2 | |||
1st time/everyday | 5762 | 10.5 | 5800 | 10.6 | |||
2nd time/everyday | 2583 | 4.7 | 2553 | 4.7 | |||
3rd time over/everyday | 1656 | 3.0 | 1433 | 2.6 | |||
Carbonated drinks 4 | 0th time | 12,251 | 22.3 | 13,169 | 24.0 | 61.798 | 0.000 |
1~2nd time/1 week | 23,139 | 42.1 | 22,596 | 41.2 | |||
3~4th time/1 week | 12,133 | 22.1 | 11,973 | 21.8 | |||
5~6th time/1 week | 3677 | 6.7 | 3440 | 6.3 | |||
1st time/everyday | 1958 | 3.6 | 1986 | 3.6 | |||
2nd time/everyday | 861 | 1.6 | 900 | 1.6 | |||
3rd time over/everyday | 929 | 1.7 | 784 | 1.4 | |||
Sweet drinks (ion drinks, juice drinks, and coffee drinks excluded) 4 | 0th time | 9205 | 16.8 | 8476 | 15.5 | 68.234 | 0.000 |
1~2nd time/1 week | 20,476 | 37.3 | 19,949 | 36.4 | |||
3~4th time/1 week | 14,048 | 25.6 | 14,782 | 27.0 | |||
5~6th time/1 week | 5498 | 10.0 | 5671 | 10.3 | |||
1st time/everyday | 3430 | 6.2 | 3622 | 6.6 | |||
2nd time/everyday | 1285 | 2.3 | 1386 | 2.5 | |||
3rd time over/everyday | 1006 | 1.8 | 962 | 1.8 | |||
Fast food (pizza, hamburger, chicken, etc.) 4 | 0th time | 10,037 | 18.3 | 9319 | 17.0 | 43.112 | 0.000 |
1~2nd time/1 week | 31,255 | 56.9 | 31,284 | 57.0 | |||
3~4th time/1 week | 10,861 | 19.8 | 11,294 | 20.6 | |||
5~6th time/1 week | 1803 | 3.3 | 1975 | 3.6 | |||
1st time/everyday | 656 | 1.2 | 639 | 1.2 | |||
2nd time/everyday | 155 | 0.3 | 158 | 0.3 | |||
3rd time over/everyday | 181 | 0.3 | 179 | 0.3 | |||
Nutritional and eating habit education 5 | No | 28,653 | 52.1 | 31,518 | 57.5 | 313.477 | 0.000 |
Yes | 26,295 | 47.9 | 23,330 | 42.5 | |||
Daily water (including bottled water, carbonated water, barley tea, etc.) | 1 cup below per day | 1966 | 3.6 | 1963 | 3.6 | 15.034 | 0.005 |
2 cups per day | 9583 | 17.4 | 9764 | 17.8 | |||
3 cups per day | 11,910 | 21.7 | 12,222 | 22.3 | |||
4 cups per day | 9790 | 17.8 | 9831 | 17.9 | |||
5 cups or more per day | 21,699 | 39.5 | 21,068 | 38.4 | |||
Physical activity causing shortness of breath for a total of 60 min over per day 4 | 0th time | 21,111 | 38.4 | 18,250 | 33.3 | 409.631 | 0.000 |
1st time/1 week | 8432 | 15.3 | 8481 | 15.5 | |||
2nd time/1 week | 7698 | 14.0 | 8790 | 16.0 | |||
3rd time/1 week | 6328 | 11.5 | 7170 | 13.1 | |||
4th time/1 week | 3248 | 5.9 | 3806 | 6.9 | |||
5th time/1 week | 3517 | 6.4 | 3783 | 6.9 | |||
6th time/1 week | 1185 | 2.2 | 1377 | 2.5 | |||
7th time/1 week | 3429 | 6.2 | 3191 | 5.8 | |||
High-intensity physical activity for 20 min causing shortness of breath or sweating 4 | 0th time | 20,937 | 38.1 | 17,781 | 32.4 | 452.968 | 0.000 |
1st time/1 week | 10,185 | 18.5 | 10,510 | 19.2 | |||
2nd time/1 week | 8159 | 14.8 | 9484 | 17.3 | |||
3rd time/1 week | 5657 | 10.3 | 6511 | 11.9 | |||
4th time/1 week | 2783 | 5.1 | 3208 | 5.8 | |||
5th time over/1 week | 7227 | 13.2 | 7354 | 13.4 | |||
Exercise to increase muscle strength such as push-ups, sit-ups, lifting weights, dumbbells, iron bars, and parallel bars (muscle strengthening exercises) 4 | 0th time | 27,585 | 50.2 | 28,370 | 51.7 | 69.543 | 0.000 |
1st time/1 week | 8283 | 15.1 | 8112 | 14.8 | |||
2nd time/1 week | 5539 | 10.1 | 5771 | 10.5 | |||
3rd time/1 week | 4414 | 8.0 | 4337 | 7.9 | |||
4th time/1 week | 2349 | 4.3 | 2282 | 4.2 | |||
5th time over/1 week | 6778 | 12.3 | 5976 | 10.9 |
Variable | COVID-19 | X2 3 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | ||||||
N | % | N | % | ||||
Washing hands using soap before eating at school * | Always | 17,759 | 32.3 | 14,342 | 26.1 | 766.537 | 0.000 |
Often | 16,071 | 29.2 | 15,436 | 28.1 | |||
Sometimes | 14,700 | 26.8 | 16,660 | 30.4 | |||
Not at all | 6418 | 11.7 | 8410 | 15.3 | |||
Hand washing using soap after using the toilet at school * | Always | 37,007 | 67.3 | 36,467 | 66.5 | 46.631 | 0.000 |
Often | 11,839 | 21.5 | 11,617 | 21.2 | |||
Sometimes | 4482 | 8.2 | 4831 | 8.8 | |||
Not at all | 1620 | 2.9 | 1933 | 3.5 | |||
Hand washing using soap before eating at home * | Always | 21,931 | 39.9 | 20,789 | 37.9 | 156.279 | 0.000 |
Often | 16,903 | 30.8 | 16,370 | 29.8 | |||
Sometimes | 12,400 | 22.6 | 13,061 | 23.8 | |||
Not at all | 3714 | 6.8 | 4628 | 8.4 | |||
Hand washing using soap after using the toilet at home * | Always | 37,551 | 68.3 | 37,118 | 67.7 | 43.082 | 0.000 |
Often | 11,024 | 20.1 | 10,752 | 19.6 | |||
Sometimes | 4891 | 8.9 | 5192 | 9.5 | |||
Not at all | 1482 | 2.7 | 1786 | 3.3 | |||
Returning home and hand washing using soap * | Always | 39,115 | 71.2 | 38,993 | 71.1 | 44.276 | 0.000 |
Often | 9694 | 17.6 | 9260 | 16.9 | |||
Sometimes | 4842 | 8.8 | 4994 | 9.1 | |||
Not at all | 1297 | 2.4 | 1601 | 2.9 |
Variable | Sample N | Percentage % | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | Large increase | 3442 | 6.3 |
Increase | 7652 | 14.0 | |
No change | 17,740 | 32.4 | |
Decrease | 17,722 | 32.3 | |
Large decrease | 8279 | 15.1 | |
Not eating breakfast | Large increase | 2354 | 4.3 |
Increase | 5558 | 10.1 | |
No change | 39,791 | 72.6 | |
Decrease | 4133 | 7.5 | |
Large decrease | 2999 | 5.5 | |
Drinking | Large increase | 306 | 0.6 |
Increase | 1212 | 2.2 | |
No change | 44,659 | 81.8 | |
Decrease | 808 | 1.5 | |
Large decrease | 7617 | 14.0 | |
Smoking | Large increase | 254 | 0.5 |
Increase | 273 | 0.5 | |
No change | 45,078 | 83.6 | |
Decrease | 466 | 0.9 | |
Large decrease | 7864 | 14.6 | |
Depression | Large increase | 3758 | 6.9 |
Increase | 15,972 | 29.1 | |
No change | 29,562 | 53.9 | |
Decrease | 1937 | 3.5 | |
Large decrease | 3606 | 6.6 |
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Kim, E.-Y.; Oh, C.; Sung, H.-J.; Kim, J. Changes in Daily Life, Physical Activity, GAD, Depression, and Personal Hygiene of Adolescents in South Korea Due to the COVID-19. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101881
Kim E-Y, Oh C, Sung H-J, Kim J. Changes in Daily Life, Physical Activity, GAD, Depression, and Personal Hygiene of Adolescents in South Korea Due to the COVID-19. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101881
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Eun-Yeob, Chilhwan Oh, Hwa-Jung Sung, and Jaeyoung Kim. 2022. "Changes in Daily Life, Physical Activity, GAD, Depression, and Personal Hygiene of Adolescents in South Korea Due to the COVID-19" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101881