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Open AccessArticle
Local Linear Regression for Functional Ergodic Data with Missing at Random Responses
by
Yassine Baghli
Yassine Baghli 1,†,
Oussama Bouanani
Oussama Bouanani 2,†
and
Salim Bouzebda
Salim Bouzebda 3,*,†
1
Laboratoire de Mathématiques pour L’Intelligence Artificielle et Sciences du Vivant, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer Science, University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
2
LMSSA (Laboratory of Stochastic Models, Statistics and Applications), Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer Science, University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
3
Université de Technologie de Compiègne, LMAC (Laboratory of Applied Mathematics of Compiègne), CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiègne, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Mathematics 2025, 13(24), 3941; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243941 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 13 September 2025
/
Revised: 3 October 2025
/
Accepted: 9 December 2025
/
Published: 10 December 2025
Abstract
In this article, we develop a novel kernel-based estimation framework for functional regression models in the presence of missing responses, with particular emphasis on the Missing At Random (MAR) mechanism. The analysis is carried out in the setting of stationary and ergodic functional data, where we introduce apparently for the first time a local linear estimator of the regression operator. The principal theoretical contributions of the paper may be summarized as follows. First, we establish almost sure uniform rates of convergence for the proposed estimator, thereby quantifying its asymptotic accuracy in a strong sense. Second, we prove its asymptotic normality, which provides the foundation for distributional approximations and subsequent inference. Third, we derive explicit closed-form expressions for the associated asymptotic variance, yielding a precise characterization of the limiting law. These results are obtained under standard structural assumptions on the relevant functional classes and under mild regularity conditions on the underlying model, ensuring broad applicability of the theory. On the methodological side, the asymptotic analysis is exploited to construct pointwise confidence regions for the regression operator, thereby enabling valid statistical inference. Furthermore, a comprehensive set of simulation experiments is conducted, demonstrating that the proposed estimator exhibits superior finite-sample predictive performance when compared to existing procedures, while simultaneously retaining robustness in the presence of missingness governed by MAR mechanisms.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Baghli, Y.; Bouanani, O.; Bouzebda, S.
Local Linear Regression for Functional Ergodic Data with Missing at Random Responses. Mathematics 2025, 13, 3941.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243941
AMA Style
Baghli Y, Bouanani O, Bouzebda S.
Local Linear Regression for Functional Ergodic Data with Missing at Random Responses. Mathematics. 2025; 13(24):3941.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243941
Chicago/Turabian Style
Baghli, Yassine, Oussama Bouanani, and Salim Bouzebda.
2025. "Local Linear Regression for Functional Ergodic Data with Missing at Random Responses" Mathematics 13, no. 24: 3941.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243941
APA Style
Baghli, Y., Bouanani, O., & Bouzebda, S.
(2025). Local Linear Regression for Functional Ergodic Data with Missing at Random Responses. Mathematics, 13(24), 3941.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243941
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