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Article

Independent Bondage Number in Planar Graphs Under Girth Constraints

1
College of Health and Natural Sciences, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, NH 03461, USA
2
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, Alabama A&M University, 4900 Meridian St N, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA
3
Department of Mathematics, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3662; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223662 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 October 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 9 November 2025 / Published: 15 November 2025

Abstract

Given a finite, simple, connected graph G with at least one edge, the independent bondage number bi(G) of G is the minimum size of an edge set, such that its deletion results in a graph with a strictly larger independent domination number than that of G. While the bondage number of graphs under girth constraints has been studied, very few results have yet been established for the independent bondage number. In this study, we establish upper bounds on the independent bondage number of planar graphs under given girth constraints, extending results on the bondage number by Fischermann, Rautenbach, and Volkmann and on the structures of planar graphs by Borodin and Ivanova. In particular, we identify additional structures and establish bounds on the independent bondage number for planar graphs with δ(G)2 and g(G)5, δ(G)3 and g(G)4, δ(G)2 and g(G)7, and δ(G)2 and g(G)10, showing that the corresponding bounds are bi(G)5, bi(G)6, bi(G)4, and bi(G)3, respectively.
Keywords: independent domination; independent bondage number; discharging method; structural properties of planar graphs; upper bounds independent domination; independent bondage number; discharging method; structural properties of planar graphs; upper bounds

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gamlath, E.G.K.M.; Pham, A.; Wei, B. Independent Bondage Number in Planar Graphs Under Girth Constraints. Mathematics 2025, 13, 3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223662

AMA Style

Gamlath EGKM, Pham A, Wei B. Independent Bondage Number in Planar Graphs Under Girth Constraints. Mathematics. 2025; 13(22):3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223662

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gamlath, E. G. K. M., Andrew Pham, and Bing Wei. 2025. "Independent Bondage Number in Planar Graphs Under Girth Constraints" Mathematics 13, no. 22: 3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223662

APA Style

Gamlath, E. G. K. M., Pham, A., & Wei, B. (2025). Independent Bondage Number in Planar Graphs Under Girth Constraints. Mathematics, 13(22), 3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223662

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