Overexcitability and Perfectionism: A Comparative Study of Mathematically and Scientifically Talented, Verbally Talented, and Regular Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overexcitabilities
1.2. Perfectionism
1.3. Correlations Between OEs and Perfectionism
1.4. Research Purposes
- Revise the ME Scale II, reducing it from ten subscales to five subscales directly corresponding to the five OE items in Dabrowski’s theory. Test the reliability and validity of the new scale.
- Compare the levels of overexcitabilities (OEs) and perfectionism among different types of gifted and regular students.
- Investigate the correlations between overexcitabilities (OE) and perfectionism.
- Analyze the predictive power of overexcitabilities (OE) on perfectionism.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
- Specific academic aptitude achievement test scores that are two standard deviations above the mean or in the 97th percentile rank or above, accompanied by recommendations from professionals, teachers, or parents, and supported by documents detailing learning traits and demonstrations of abilities.
- Receipt of one of the first three prizes in an international or national academic contest or exhibition.
- Participation in an academic seminar held by a research institute with excellent performance, accompanied by a recommendation from the host institute.
- Submission of research reports published in academic journals, supported by recommendations from professionals or teachers.
2.2. Research Procedure
- August–September 2020: contacted designated teachers at participating schools via phone; confirmed the required number of questionnaires and arranged for printing; mailed questionnaires along with relevant documents;
- October–December 2020: Administered the survey according to each school’s schedule; collected, coded, and entered questionnaire data.
- January 2021: Conducted data analysis; drafted the research report.
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MP)
- Concern over Mistakes (CM): Reflects a tendency to view mistakes as failures and to believe that failure results in a loss of respect from others.
- Personal Standards (PS): Reflects a tendency to set high standards for oneself and to overemphasize their importance in self-evaluation.
- Parental Expectations (PE): Reflects a belief that parents set excessively high standards.
- Parental Criticism (PC): Reflects a tendency to feel overly criticized by parents.
- Doubts about Actions (DA): Reflects a tendency to doubt one’s ability to complete tasks.
- Organization (Org.): Measures the belief that everything should be well-organized and orderly.
2.3.2. The ME Scale III
2.4. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in OEs Among Gifted Students and Regular Students
3.2. Differences in Perfectionism Among Gifted Students and Regular Students
3.3. Correlations Among OEs and Perfectionism
3.4. Predictive Validity of OEs on Perfectionism
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences in OEs Among Gifted Students and Regular Students
4.2. Differences in Perfectionism Among Gifted Students and Regular Students
4.3. Correlations Among OEs and Perfectionism
4.4. Predictive Validity of Overexcitabilities on Perfectionism
4.5. Research Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MSTS | VTS | RS | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
M/F | 127/80 | 78/109 | 102/145 | 307/334 |
Total | 207 | 187 | 247 | 641 |
Component | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
MOE | |||||
45. I try to find something novel about an ordinary object. | 0.796 | ||||
46. I have an endless supply of ideas. | 0.777 | ||||
43. I am good at combining seemingly unrelated things to make meaningful connections. | 0.729 | ||||
40. I have many imaginative ideas. | 0.695 | 0.207 | |||
14. People often say I am very creative. | 0.670 | ||||
44. When I think or imagine, vivid images appear in my mind. | 0.663 | 0.261 | |||
57. I like to find new ways to solve problems that others have not tried. | 0.582 | 0.365 | |||
06. I imagine alternative uses for objects beyond their original purpose. | 0.569 | 0.307 | |||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.880 | ||||
POE | |||||
34. The more competitive the sport, the more I enjoy it. | 0.793 | ||||
11. I like sports that provide a sense of speed. | 0.742 | ||||
15. I enjoy the feeling of physical movement during exercise. | 0.735 | ||||
42. I often have the urge to jump and move. | 0.272 | 0.637 | −0.211 | ||
28. Sometimes I suddenly want to go outside and move around while reading. | 0.514 | −0.268 | |||
50. I enjoy games that require quick reactions. | 0.507 | 0.271 | |||
59. I often can’t stay still; even in class, I feel the need to get up and move around. | 0.270 | 0.507 | 0.375 | ||
61. I am a very fast-moving person. | 0.481 | 0.233 | |||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.808 | ||||
TOE | |||||
12. Exploring knowledge often invigorates me. | 0.280 | 0.677 | |||
10. When I bury myself in books, I forget everything else. | 0.627 | ||||
48. I do not feel tired even after long periods of reading or activity. | 0.609 | ||||
27. I insist on solving academic problems, no matter how long it takes. | 0.209 | 0.583 | |||
55. I enjoy reading a wide variety of books. | 0.568 | ||||
38. I like playing challenging puzzles and games. | 0.223 | 0.255 | 0.494 | ||
22. I demand perfection from myself. | 0.471 | 0.398 | |||
52. I like to come up with as many solutions as possible to solve problems. | 0.392 | 0.204 | 0.467 | 0.221 | |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.789 | ||||
EOE | |||||
54. I feel lonely in a crowd. | 0.735 | ||||
04. I experience various emotions like fear and guilt for no apparent reason. | 0.725 | ||||
05. I feel weird and different from others. | 0.635 | ||||
01. I feel lonely because it is hard to find like-minded friends. | 0.616 | ||||
18. I often worry that bad things will happen. | 0.560 | ||||
58. I experience symptoms like sweating, frequent urination, rapid heartbeat, and stomach pain. | 0.537 | ||||
39. I worry that others will be jealous of me, so I refrain from showing off. | 0.430 | ||||
49. I cannot tolerate others’ stupidity. | 0.356 | ||||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.734 | ||||
SOE | |||||
31. I like to pursue beautiful things. | 0.207 | 0.625 | |||
21. I am sensitive to the taste of food. | 0.603 | ||||
08. I can easily detect changes in taste. | 0.585 | ||||
53. I am fascinated by some exquisite small ornaments. | −0.225 | 0.553 | |||
36. Beautiful scenery captivates me. | 0.535 | ||||
26. When I hear a favorite sound, I want to listen to it repeatedly. | 0.497 | ||||
25. I can easily detect temperature changes. | 0.203 | 0.494 | |||
56. I can easily detect changes in the brightness of light. | 0.487 | ||||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.724 | ||||
Cronbach’s alpha (Total) | 0.880 |
M | SD | Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | Post-Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EOE | |||||||||
MSTS | 30.87 | 9.31 | between | 484.518 | 2 | 242.259 | 2.415 | 0.090 | |
VTS | 30.59 | 10.12 | within | 64,013.753 | 638 | 100.335 | |||
RS | 32.51 | 10.50 | total | 64,498.271 | 640 | ||||
MOE | |||||||||
MSTS | 41.26 | 11.40 | between | 2486.146 | 2 | 1243.073 | 9.165 | 0.000 | MSTS > RS |
VTS | 42.75 | 11.31 | within | 86,535.861 | 638 | 135.636 | VTS > RS | ||
RS | 38.11 | 12.09 | total | 89,022.006 | 640 | ||||
POE | |||||||||
MSTS | 36.35 | 11.69 | between | 129.228 | 2 | 64.614 | 0.488 | 0.614 | |
VTS | 35.66 | 10.67 | within | 84,415.215 | 638 | 132.312 | |||
RS | 35.28 | 11.94 | total | 84,544.443 | 640 | ||||
SOE | |||||||||
MSTS | 39.48 | 8.25 | between | 1391.292 | 2 | 695.646 | 9.047 | 0.000 | VTS > MSTS |
VTS | 42.83 | 8.33 | within | 49,059.779 | 638 | 76.896 | VTS > RS | ||
RS | 39.70 | 9.48 | total | 50,451.070 | 640 | ||||
TOE | |||||||||
MSTS | 41.95 | 9.61 | between | 9308.961 | 2 | 4654.480 | 48.353 | 0.000 | MSTS > RS |
VTS | 41.37 | 9.64 | within | 61,414.253 | 638 | 96.261 | VTS > RS | ||
RS | 33.86 | 10.10 | total | 70,723.214 | 640 |
M | SD | Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | Scheffe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | |||||||||
MSTS | 22.70 | 5.35 | between | 1138.132 | 2 | 569.066 | 19.503 | 0.000 | MSTS > RS |
VTS | 22.62 | 5.34 | within | 18,557.840 | 636 | 29.179 | VTS > RS | ||
RS | 19.92 | 5.49 | total | 19,695.972 | 638 | ||||
Org | |||||||||
MSTS | 19.98 | 5.09 | between | 232.564 | 2 | 116.282 | 4.645 | 0.010 | VTS > RS |
VTS | 21.18 | 4.98 | within | 15,972.494 | 638 | 25.035 | |||
RS | 19.78 | 4.95 | total | 16,205.058 | 640 | ||||
CM | |||||||||
MSTS | 21.47 | 6.94 | between | 148.772 | 2 | 74.386 | 1.597 | 0.203 | |
VTS | 20.30 | 6.79 | within | 29,631.372 | 636 | 46.590 | |||
RS | 20.60 | 6.76 | total | 29,780.144 | 638 | ||||
DA | |||||||||
MSTS | 11.84 | 2.86 | between | 7.426 | 2 | 3.713 | 0.397 | 0.672 | |
VTS | 11.57 | 3.18 | within | 5962.421 | 638 | 9.345 | |||
RS | 11.76 | 3.12 | total | 5969.847 | 640 | ||||
PC | |||||||||
MSTS | 7.83 | 3.21 | between | 493.872 | 2 | 246.936 | 22.032 | 0.000 | RS > MSTS |
VTS | 7.07 | 3.21 | within | 7150.892 | 638 | 11.208 | RS > VTS | ||
RS | 9.17 | 3.56 | total | 7644.764 | 640 | ||||
PE | |||||||||
MSTS | 13.32 | 4.43 | between | 67.243 | 2 | 33.621 | 1.808 | 0.165 | |
VTS | 12.68 | 4.05 | within | 11,864.483 | 638 | 18.596 | |||
RS | 13.44 | 4.41 | total | 11,931.725 | 640 |
EOE | MOE | POE | SOE | TOE | PS | Org | CM | DA | PC | PE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EOE | 1 | 0.176 ** | 0.166 ** | 0.216 ** | 0.163 ** | 0.236 ** | 0.082 * | 0.452 ** | 0.462 ** | 0.340 ** | 0.252 ** |
MOE | 1 | 0.389 ** | 0.448 ** | 0.531 ** | 0.245 ** | 0.106 ** | 0.058 | 0.149 ** | 0.007 | 0.105 ** | |
POE | 1 | 0.302 ** | 0.289 ** | 0.210 ** | 0.131 ** | 0.138 ** | 0.187 ** | 0.057 | 0.158 ** | ||
SOE | 1 | 0.450 ** | 0.249 ** | 0.317 ** | 0.117 ** | 0.256 ** | −0.012 | 0.083 * | |||
TOE | 1 | 0.524 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.186 ** | 0.240 ** | −0.134 ** | 0.069 | ||||
PS | 1 | 0.552 ** | 0.581 ** | 0.490 ** | 0.064 | 0.292 ** | |||||
Org | 1 | 0.255 ** | 0.430 ** | 0.005 | 0.145 ** | ||||||
CM | 1 | 0.584 ** | 0.411 ** | 0.403 ** | |||||||
DA | 1 | 0.292 ** | 0.325 ** | ||||||||
PC | 1 | 0.641 ** | |||||||||
PE | 1 |
Dependent Variable | Predictor Variable | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | F | F Change | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MP | |||||||||
PS | TOE | 0.524 | 0.275 | 0.275 | 241.695 *** | 241.695 *** | 0.331 | 0.500 | 14.846 *** |
EOE | 0.546 | 0.299 | 0.024 | 21.338 *** | 135.375 *** | 0.104 | 0.155 | 4.619 *** | |
Org. | TOE | 0.349 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 88.769 *** | 88.769 *** | 0.201 | 0.335 | 7.569 *** |
SOE | 0.392 | 0.154 | 0.032 | 24.080 *** | 58.027 *** | 0.168 | 0.248 | 5.920 *** | |
MOE | 0.420 | 0.176 | 0.022 | 17.121 *** | 45.370 *** | −0.098 | −0.183 | −4.138 *** | |
CM | EOE | 0.452 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 163.921 *** | 163.921 *** | 0.366 | 0.444 | 12.474 *** |
TOE | 0.467 | 0.218 | 0.013 | 10.702 ** | 88.560 *** | 0.141 | 0.173 | 4.194 *** | |
MOE | 0.476 | 0.227 | 0.009 | 7.125 ** | 61.984 *** | −0.080 | −0.111 | −2.669 ** | |
DA | EOE | 0.462 | 0.214 | 0.214 | 173.643 *** | 173.643 *** | 0.154 | 0.419 | 11.884 *** |
TOE | 0.491 | 0.242 | 0.028 | 23.403 *** | 101.567 *** | 0.044 | 0.122 | 3.165 ** | |
SOE | 0.501 | 0.251 | 0.010 | 8.095 ** | 71.163 *** | 0.045 | 0.111 | 2.845 ** | |
PC | EOE | 0.340 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 83.693 *** | 83.693 *** | 0.155 | 0.372 | 10.070 *** |
TOE | 0.391 | 0.153 | 0.037 | 27.743 *** | 57.469 *** | −0.080 | −0.195 | −5.267 *** | |
PE | EOE | 0.252 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 43.180 *** | 43.180 *** | 0.120 | 0.232 | 6.010 *** |
POE | 0.278 | 0.077 | 0.014 | 9.586 ** | 26.673 *** | 0.055 | 0.119 | 3.096 ** |
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Liao, C.-C.; Kuo, C.-C.; Chen, C.-H.; Chu, C.-C. Overexcitability and Perfectionism: A Comparative Study of Mathematically and Scientifically Talented, Verbally Talented, and Regular Students. Educ. Sci. 2025, 15, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030392
Liao C-C, Kuo C-C, Chen C-H, Chu C-C. Overexcitability and Perfectionism: A Comparative Study of Mathematically and Scientifically Talented, Verbally Talented, and Regular Students. Education Sciences. 2025; 15(3):392. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030392
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Chao-Chun, Ching-Chih Kuo, Chin-Hsueh Chen, and Chien-Chi Chu. 2025. "Overexcitability and Perfectionism: A Comparative Study of Mathematically and Scientifically Talented, Verbally Talented, and Regular Students" Education Sciences 15, no. 3: 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030392
APA StyleLiao, C.-C., Kuo, C.-C., Chen, C.-H., & Chu, C.-C. (2025). Overexcitability and Perfectionism: A Comparative Study of Mathematically and Scientifically Talented, Verbally Talented, and Regular Students. Education Sciences, 15(3), 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030392