Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Cultural Intelligence: The Concept
2.2. Cultural Intelligence in Higher Education Institutions
2.3. Antecedents of Cultural Intelligence
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Measures
3.1.1. Control Variables
3.1.2. International Experience and Cultural Exposure
3.1.3. Cultural Intelligence Scale
3.2. Data Collection and Sample
4. Results
4.1. Level of CQ and Dimensions
4.2. Student and Staff Level of CQ
4.3. Level of CQ and International Experience
4.4. Level of CQ and Cultural Exposure
5. Discussion
5.1. Level of CQ
5.2. Level of CQ and International Experience and Cultural Exposure
6. Conclusions
- The value obtained for CQ is higher than other studies in a higher education environment and the motivational CQ is the largest contributor to CQ. Higher values were only found when the sample was made up of students who were already in the job market. The component with the lowest score was the cognitive CQ.
- No significant differences were found between the CQ level of students and staff, nor in any of the four CQ dimensions.
- The value obtained for CQ is higher for people who engage in international experiences and activities that promote cultural exposure.
- Working abroad and participating in exchange programs promotes the development of the CQ level.
- Contact in the work environment and in the place of residence, in the country of residence, promotes the development of the CQ level. Cultural exposure in the classroom is not enough for the development of CQ.
- The CQ level is higher for people who have travelled to a greater number of countries, and also for people who are fluent in several languages.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CQ Items | Cognitive | Behavioral | Motivational | Metacognitive |
---|---|---|---|---|
CQ17 | 0.772 | |||
CQ18 | 0.743 | |||
CQ16 | 0.729 | |||
CQ14 | 0.671 | |||
CQ15 | 0.610 | |||
CQ19 | 0.596 | |||
CQ28 | 0.828 | |||
CQ27 | 0.780 | |||
CQ29 | 0.762 | |||
CQ26 | 0.758 | |||
CQ25 | 0.558 | |||
CQ23 | 0.798 | |||
CQ24 | 0.734 | |||
CQ22 | 0.694 | |||
CQ20 | 0.660 | |||
CQ21 | 0.637 | |||
CQ10 | 0.812 | |||
CQ12 | 0.746 | |||
CQ11 | 0.711 | |||
CQ13 | 0.587 | |||
% Variance | 30.9% | 41.3% | 50.3% | 57.7% |
Eigenvalue | 6.174 | 2.085 | 1.081 | 1.476 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | 0.802 | 0.834 | 0.792 | 0.741 |
Professional activity | Staff | 33.7 |
Student | 66.3 | |
Gender | Female | 35.7 |
Male | 63.4 | |
Not specified | 0.9 | |
Education | Higher education degree | 58.7 |
No higher education degree | 41.3 | |
Age | 18–23 | 45.8 |
24–29 | 14.5 | |
30 or more | 39.7 |
Calculation Description | Mean (SD) | Min | Max | Median | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metacognitive | 4-item average | 5.53 (0.80) | 2.75 | 7.00 | 5.75 |
Cognitive | 6-item average | 4.53 (0.90) | 2.00 | 6.83 | 4.67 |
Motivational | 5-item average | 5.33 (0.89) | 2.20 | 7.00 | 5.40 |
Behavioral | 5-item average | 5.30 (0.93) | 1.60 | 7.00 | 5.40 |
CQ | 4-component average | 5.17 (0.65) | 2.43 | 6.96 | 5.19 |
Staff | Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median | Mean (SD) | Median | |
Metacognitive | 5.52 (0.76) | 5.50 | 5.54 (0.82) | 5.75 |
Cognitive | 4.64 (0.82) | 4.67 | 4.48 (0.94) | 4.67 |
Motivational | 5.33 (0.91) | 5.40 | 5.32 (0.88) | 5.40 |
Behavioral | 5.34 (0.91) | 5.40 | 5.28 (0.94) | 5.40 |
CQ | 5.21 (0.63) | 5.21 | 5.15 (0.66) | 5.19 |
Source | Dependent Variable | Sum Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staff and students | Metacognitive | 0.024 | 1 | 0.024 | 0.038 | 0.846 | 0.000 |
Cognitive | 2.539 | 1 | 2.539 | 3.133 | 0.077 | 0.007 | |
Motivational | 0.004 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.947 | 0.000 | |
Behavioral | 0.375 | 1 | 0.375 | 0.433 | 0.511 | 0.001 | |
CQ | 0.278 | 1 | 0.278 | 0.664 | 0.415 | 0.001 | |
Error | Metacognitive | 284.470 | 443 | 0.642 | |||
Cognitive | 358.978 | 443 | 0.810 | ||||
Motivational | 353.440 | 443 | 0.798 | ||||
Behavioral | 383.430 | 443 | 0.866 | ||||
CQ | 185.358 | 443 | 0.418 | ||||
Corrected total | Metacognitive | 284.494 | 444 | ||||
Cognitive | 361.517 | 444 | |||||
Motivational | 353.443 | 444 | |||||
Behavioral | 383.805 | 444 | |||||
CQ | 185.636 | 444 |
Age | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2. Education | 0.586 ** | |||||||||||||
3. Gender | −0.105 * | −0.096 * | ||||||||||||
4. Exchange | 0.220 ** | 0.215 ** | −0.156 ** | |||||||||||
5. Volunteering | 0.082 | 0.064 | −0.081 | 0.131 ** | ||||||||||
6. Research | 0.474 ** | 0.557 ** | −0.027 | 0.234 ** | 0.092 | |||||||||
7. Working | 0.285 ** | 0.159 ** | 0.161 ** | 0.068 | 0.085 | 0.140 ** | ||||||||
8. Leisure | 0.151 ** | 0.112 * | −0.096 * | 0.147 ** | 0.043 | 0.112 * | 0.026 | |||||||
9. Countries | 0.489 ** | 0.483 ** | −0.023 | 0.388 ** | 0.090 | 0.374 ** | 0.235 ** | 0.214 ** | ||||||
10. Languages | 0.289 ** | 0.190 ** | 0.095 * | 0.196 ** | 0.027 | 0.198 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.099 * | 0.325 ** | |||||
11. Metacognitive | 0.061 | −0.024 | −0.109 * | 0.147 ** | 0.101 * | 0.002 | 0.048 | 0.022 | 0.132 ** | 0.094 * | ||||
12. Cognitive | 0.134 ** | 0.078 | −0.021 | 0.074 | 0.031 | 0.062 | 0.103 * | 0.027 | 0.146 ** | 0.121 * | 0.422 ** | |||
13. Motivational | 0.095 * | 0.021 | −0.052 | 0.297 ** | 0.134 ** | 0.021 | 0.135 ** | 0.114 * | 0.209 ** | 0.177 ** | 0.405 ** | 0.343 ** | ||
14. Behavioral | 0.097 * | 0.004 | −0.147 ** | 0.121 * | 0.112 * | 0.068 | 0.086 | 0.122 * | 0.146 ** | 0.099 * | 0.429 ** | 0.336 ** | 0.380 ** | |
CQ | 0.133 ** | 0.029 | −0.112 * | 0.217 ** | 0.128 ** | 0.054 | 0.128 ** | 0.099 * | 0.217 ** | 0.168 ** | 0.751 ** | 0.719 ** | 0.727 ** | 0.741 ** |
Metacognitive | Cognitive | Motivational | Behavioral | CQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 |
Age | 0.121 | 0.030 | 0.151 | 0.028 | 0.073 | −0.126 | 0.169 | −0.004 | 0.128 | −0.18 |
Gender | −0.158 * | −0.159 | −0.015 | −0.061 | −0.060 | −0.056 | −0.217 * | −0.237 * | −0.112 | −0.128 * |
Education | −0.077 | −0.115 | 0.080 | 0.044 | −0.004 | −0.110 | −0.061 | −0.143 | −0.015 | −0.081 |
Exchange | 0.188 | 0.013 | 0.025 *** | 0.090 | 0.204 * | |||||
Volunteering | 0.358 | 0.061 | 0.473 * | 0.437 | 0.332 | |||||
Research | −0.139 | −0.052 | −0.174 | 0.034 | −0.083 | |||||
Working | 0.069 | 0.147 | 0.246 * | 0.181 | 0.161 * | |||||
Leisure | −0.041 | −0.025 | 0.139 | 0.210 | 0.070 | |||||
Countries | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.015 * | 0.013 | 0.013 * | |||||
Languages | 0.057 | 0.074 | 0.124 * | 0.062 | 0.079 * | |||||
F | 2.187 | 2.452 ** | 1.806 | 1.473 | 0.418 | 7.129 *** | 3.113 * | 2.927 ** | 2.581 | 5.038 *** |
DF | 2.542 | 1.228 | 10.108 | 2.808 | 6.005 | |||||
R2 | 0.015 | 0.054 | 0.012 | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.143 | 0.021 | 0.063 | 0.017 | 0.104 |
DR2 | 0.039 | 0.019 | 0.140 | 0.043 | 0.087 | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.008 | 0.032 | 0.009 | −0.004 | 0.123 | 0.014 | 0.042 | 0.011 | 0.084 |
Age | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2. Education | 0.586 ** | |||||||||||||
3. Gender | −0.105 * | −0.096 * | ||||||||||||
4. Workplace | 0.544 ** | 0.344 ** | 0.048 | |||||||||||
5. Classroom | 0.087 | 0.202 ** | 0.018 | 0.056 | ||||||||||
6. Family | 0.068 | 0.055 | −0.042 | 0.062 | −0.008 | |||||||||
7. Residence | 0.010 | −0.016 | 0.053 | 0.091 | 0.149 ** | 0.117 * | ||||||||
8. Leisure | 0.207 ** | 0.128 ** | −0.039 | 0.188 ** | 0.141 ** | 0.050 | 0.118 * | |||||||
9. Volunteering | 0.018 | 0.033 | −0.046 | 0.108 * | 0.046 | 0.110 * | 0.146 ** | 0.070 | ||||||
10. Languages | 0.289 ** | 0.190 ** | 0.095 * | 0.298 ** | 0.048 | 0.102 * | 0.165 ** | 0.164 ** | 0.088 | 0.325 ** | ||||
11. Metacognitive | 0.061 | −0.024 | −0.109 * | 0.001 | 0.076 | 0.083 | 0.064 | 0.030 | 0.090 | 0.132 ** | ||||
12. Cognitive | 0.134 ** | 0.078 | −0.021 | 0.070 | 0.021 | 0.105 * | 0.060 | 0.033 | 0.088 | 0.146 ** | 0.422 ** | |||
13. Motivational | 0.095 * | 0.021 | −0.052 | 0.097 * | 0.115 * | 0.127 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.144 ** | 0.197 ** | 0.209 ** | 0.405 ** | 0.343 ** | ||
14. Behavioral | 0.097 * | 0.004 | −0.147 ** | 0.138 ** | −0.008 | 0.070 | 0.129 ** | 0.113 * | 0.059 | 0.146 ** | 0.429 ** | 0.336 ** | 0.380 ** | |
CQ | 0.133 ** | 0.029 | −0.112 * | 0.108 * | 0.068 | 0.131 ** | 0.131 ** | 0.111 * | 0.148 ** | 0.217 ** | 0.751 ** | 0.719 ** | 0.727 ** | 0.741 ** |
Metacognitive | Cognitive | Motivational | Behavioral | CQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 1 | Step 2 |
Age | 0.123 | 0.116 | 0.157 | 0.111 | 0.076 | −0.080 | 0.172 | 0.012 | 0.132 | 0.040 |
Gender | −0.156 * | −0.162 * | −0.010 | −0.022 | −0.057 | −0.079 | −0.214 * | −0.258 ** | −0.109 | −0.130 * |
Education | −0.075 | −0.082 | 0.083 | 0.085 | −0.002 | −0.043 | −0.059 | −0.080 | −0.014 | −0.030 |
Workplace | −0.091 | −0.025 | 0.072 | 0.217 * | 0.043 | |||||
Classroom | 0.116 | 0.001 | 0.154 | −0.069 | 0.051 | |||||
Family | 0.105 | 0.154 | 0.164 | 0.075 | 0.124 | |||||
Residence | 0.069 | 0.070 | 0.101 | 0.252 * | 0.123 | |||||
Leisure | −0.013 | −0.015 | 0.180 | 0.145 | 0.074 | |||||
Volunteering | 0.204 | 0.234 | 0.554 * | 0.033 | 0.254 * | |||||
Languages | 0.084 | 0.092 | 0.149 * | 0.055 | 0.095 * | |||||
F | 2.180 | 1.881 * | 1.935 | 1.597 | 0.430 | 4.686 *** | 3.113 * | 2.886 ** | 2.617 | 3.775 *** |
DF | 1.714 | 1.447 | 6.494 | 2.752 | 4.214 | |||||
R2 | 0.015 | 0.041 | 0.013 | 0.035 | 0.003 | 0.097 | 0.021 | 0.062 | 0.017 | 0.080 |
DR2 | 0.027 | 0.023 | 0.095 | 0.042 | 0.063 | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.013 | −0.004 | 0.077 | 0.014 | 0.041 | 0.011 | 0.059 |
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Sousa, M.; Fontão, E.; Machado, I.; Mendonça, J.; Rodrigues, J.; Freitas, C. Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060546
Sousa M, Fontão E, Machado I, Mendonça J, Rodrigues J, Freitas C. Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context. Education Sciences. 2023; 13(6):546. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060546
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa, Marina, Eunice Fontão, Isabel Machado, Jorge Mendonça, José Rodrigues, and Carlos Freitas. 2023. "Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context" Education Sciences 13, no. 6: 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060546
APA StyleSousa, M., Fontão, E., Machado, I., Mendonça, J., Rodrigues, J., & Freitas, C. (2023). Assessing Cultural Intelligence and Its Antecedents in the Portuguese Higher Education Context. Education Sciences, 13(6), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060546