Experiences of Parents and Teachers with Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Restrictions: A Study Focusing on Inclusive Education in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Background
3.2. Experiences about Virtual Classrooms
3.3. Associations between Demographic Variables and Scores in Domains
4. Discussion
4.1. Stable Internet Access
4.2. ICT Competencies
4.3. The Role of Government
4.4. Demographic Background Influencing Individuals’ Readiness in Providing Inclusive Education
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Domain (What to Measure) | Statements |
---|---|
Affective: Attitudes of parents and teachers concerning the inclusiveness of education in virtual classrooms |
|
Behavior: Parents and teachers’ perception of teachers’ behavior towards providing an inclusive learning environment in virtual classrooms |
|
Cognition: Parents and teachers’ perception of students’ experience attending virtual classrooms concerning inclusiveness |
|
Competence: Parents and teachers’ digital skills in providing inclusive education |
|
Awareness: Parents and teachers’ consciousness in providing inclusive education |
|
Teacher Only | Parent Only | Both Teacher and Parent (T&P) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Below 30 | 42 | 4 | 3 | 49 |
31–40 | 63 | 45 | 51 | 159 |
41–50 | 15 | 59 | 40 | 114 |
51–60 | 20 | 16 | 18 | 54 |
Above 60 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Total | 140 | 125 | 114 | 379 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 50 | 43 | 26 | 119 |
Female | 88 | 81 | 87 | 256 |
Prefer not to say | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Total | 140 | 125 | 114 | 379 |
Education | ||||
No schooling completed | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Primary school | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
Secondary school | 5 | 28 | 2 | 35 |
Trade/technical/vocational training | 1 | 6 | 4 | 11 |
Bachelor’s degree | 81 | 48 | 64 | 193 |
Master’s degree or higher | 51 | 39 | 41 | 161 |
Prefer not to say | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Total | 140 | 125 | 114 | 379 |
Area living in | ||||
Urban | 87 | 79 | 76 | 242 |
Suburban | 44 | 38 | 26 | 108 |
Rural | 9 | 8 | 12 | 29 |
Total | 140 | 125 | 114 | 379 |
ICT skills | ||||
1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
5 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 46 |
6 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 56 |
7 | 41 | 32 | 28 | 101 |
8 | 44 | 26 | 31 | 101 |
9 | 15 | 17 | 13 | 45 |
10 | 4 | 11 | 1 | 16 |
Total | 140 | 125 | 114 | 379 |
Number of Child/Children Attending | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 and Above |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kindergarten | 140 | 74 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Primary school | 86 | 92 | 54 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
Secondary school | 138 | 65 | 27 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Higher education (college, university, matriculation, etc.) | 187 | 29 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
Demographic Variable | Category | Variable Value | Mean (M) and Standard Deviation (SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affective | Behavioral | Cognitive | Competency | Awareness | Overall | |||
Gender | T&P | Male | 5.07 * | 4.98 | 4.31 | 5.45 | 5.90 * | 5.14 |
(0.97) | (1.37) | (1.25) | (1.04) | (0.80) | (0.79) | |||
Female | 3.98 | 5.33 | 4.09 | 5.59 | 5.16 | 4.81 | ||
(1.08) | (1.14) | (1.09) | (0.93) | (1.41) | (0.84) | |||
Teacher | Male | 4.48 | 5.06 | 3.88 | 5.01 | 5.77 | 4.83 | |
(1.33) | (1.55) | (1.14) | (1.42) | (1.13) | (1.07) | |||
Female | 4.38 | 5.66 * | 4.17 | 5.71 * | 5.53 | 5.08 | ||
(0.98) | (1.09) | (1.02) | (0.92) | (1.12) | (0.76) | |||
Parent | Male | 4.52 * | 4.67 | 3.81 | 3.93 | 5.12 * | 4.41 | |
(1.12) | (1.20) | (1.18) | (1.87) | (1.65) | (1.03) | |||
Female | 4.00 | 4.82 | 3.69 | 4.03 | 4.46 | 4.20 | ||
(1.12) | (1.08) | (1.28) | (1.55) | (1.63) | (0.94) | |||
Age | T&P | ≤40 | 4.13 | 5.66 * | 4.14 | 5.88 * | 5.96 * | 5.08 |
(1.12) | (0.83) | (1.10) | (0.83) | (0.76) | (0.68) | |||
>40 | 4.60 * | 5.23 | 4.38 | 5.56 | 5.46 | 5.03 | ||
(1.04) | (1.16) | (1.07) | (0.86) | (1.28) | (0.72) | |||
Teacher | ≤40 | 4.41 | 5.76 | 4.05 | 5.51 | 5.92 * | 5.11 | |
(1.15) | (0.95) | (1.08) | (1.23) | (0.84) | (0.75) | |||
>40 | 4.93 * | 5.51 | 4.71 * | 5.55 | 5.50 | 5.24 | ||
(0.82) | (1.21) | (0.99) | (0.97) | (1.06) | (0.73) | |||
Parent | ≤40 | 3.98 | 4.85 | 3.45 | 3.78 | 4.28 | 4.14 | |
(1.29) | (1.02) | (1.43) | (1.66) | (1.51) | (0.93) | |||
>40 | 4.56 * | 4.89 | 4.21 * | 4.39 * | 5.06 * | 4.62 * | ||
(1.06) | (0.93) | (1.15) | (1.56) | (1.43) | (0.73) | |||
Academic Qualification | T&P | Bachelor and below | 4.65 | 4.94 | 4.09 | 5.18 | 5.30 | 4.84 |
(1.14) | (1.30) | (1.22) | (1.23) | (1.25) | (1.05) | |||
Master and above | 4.81 | 5.63 * | 4.32 | 5.80 * | 5.82 * | 5.27 | ||
(1.10) | (1.05) | (1.00) | (0.90) | (1.18) | (0.60) | |||
Teacher | Bachelor and below | 5.02 * | 5.39 | 4.04 | 5.39 | 5.75 | 5.13 | |
(1.09) | (1.26) | (1.04) | (1.09) | (1.06) | (0.83) | |||
Master and above | 4.58 | 6.11 * | 4.48 * | 5.92 * | 5.47 | 5.31 | ||
(1.11) | (0.88) | (1.16) | (0.94) | (1.32) | (0.76) | |||
Parent | Bachelor and below | 4.40 | 4.47 | 3.56 | 3.66 | 4.50 | 4.14 | |
(1.04) | (1.23) | (1.33) | (1.61) | (1.65) | (0.95) | |||
Master and above | 5.27 * | 5.29 * | 4.28 * | 4.53 * | 5.92 * | 5.06 | ||
(0.92) | (1.16) | (0.98) | (1.89) | (3.26) | (1.00) | |||
Residential Area | T&P | Urban | 4.59 | 5.59 * | 4.21 | 5.12 | 5.31 | 4.96 |
(1.31) | (1.08) | (1.17) | (1.31) | (1.34) | (0.99) | |||
Rural | 5.14 * | 5.01 | 4.14 | 5.63 * | 5.84 * | 5.16 | ||
(1.02) | (1.32) | (1.17) | (0.94) | (1.08) | (0.71) | |||
Teacher | Urban | 5.28 * | 5.43 | 4.00 | 5.27 | 5.50 | 5.13 | |
(1.05) | (1.40) | (1.05) | (1.34) | (1.40) | (0.99) | |||
Rural | 4.65 | 5.89 * | 4.46 * | 5.69 | 5.48 | 5.23 | ||
(1.04) | (1.01) | (1.18) | (1.07) | (1.13) | (0.77) | |||
Parent | Urban | 4.35 | 4.37 | 3.60 | 3.83 | 4.44 | 4.14 | |
(1.39) | (1.36) | (1.36) | (1.66) | (1.64) | (1.21) | |||
Rural | 4.84 * | 5.02 * | 4.20 * | 3.84 | 5.24 * | 4.63 | ||
(1.10) | (1.08) | (1.27) | (1.71) | (1.30) | (0.92) | |||
School Location | T&P | Urban | 4.57 | 5.01 | 3.93 | 5.13 | 5.35 | 4.80 |
(1.30) | (1.42) | (1.26) | (1.38) | (1.44) | (1.16) | |||
Rural | 5.06 * | 5.10 | 4.64 * | 5.58 * | 5.38 | 5.16 | ||
(0.99) | (1.27) | (1.10) | (0.97) | (1.24) | (0.87) | |||
Teacher | Urban | 5.21 * | 5.74 | 4.77 * | 5.81 * | 5.91 * | 5.49 | |
(1.12) | (1.14) | (0.96) | (1.06) | (1.05) | (0.90) | |||
Rural | 4.61 | 5.42 | 4.10 | 5.38 | 5.43 | 4.99 | ||
(1.05) | (1.28) | (1.11) | (1.14) | (1.17) | (0.89) | |||
School Type | T&P | Public | 5.11 * | 5.33 | 4.63 * | 5.23 | 5.38 | 5.15 |
(0.95) | (1.18) | (1.12) | (1.19) | (1.29) | (0.92) | |||
Private | 4.50 | 4.98 | 3.96 | 6.00 * | 6.01 * | 5.07 | ||
(1.11) | (1.37) | (0.96) | (0.83) | (1.06) | (0.79) | |||
Teacher | Public | 4.83 * | 5.51 | 4.23 | 5.55 * | 5.68 * | 5.16 | |
(1.09) | (1.20) | (0.98) | (1.13) | (1.10) | (0.89) | |||
Private | 4.44 | 5.24 | 3.87 | 5.02 | 5.14 | 4.75 | ||
(1.18) | (1.51) | (1.18) | (1.28) | (1.39) | (1.04) | |||
Subject Taught | T&P | Science and Mathematics | 5.44 * | 5.04 | 4.14 | 5.68 * | 5.91 * | 5.27 |
(0.92) | (1.17) | (1.09) | (1.03) | (0.95) | (0.78) | |||
Art and Humanities | 4.59 | 5.85 * | 4.18 | 5.15 | 5.26 | 5.01 | ||
(1.23) | (1.00) | (1.29) | (1.42) | (1.60) | (1.10) | |||
Teacher | Science and Mathematics | 5.20 * | 5.84 * | 4.84 * | 5.71 | 5.90 * | 5.50 | |
(0.83) | (0.94) | (0.87) | (0.97) | (0.96) | (0.70) | |||
Art and Humanities | 4.48 | 5.26 | 3.92 | 5.34 | 5.33 | 4.87 | ||
(1.22) | (1.50) | (1.12) | (1.28) | (1.35) | (1.06) |
Domain | ≤10 Years | 11–20 Years | >20 Years | F | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T&P | Teacher | T&P | Teacher | T&P | Teacher | T&P | Teacher | |||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F (2111) | F (2137) | |
Affective | 4.27 | 1.40 | 4.67 | 1.17 | 5.23 | 0.88 | 4.60 | 1.17 | 5.11 | 0.91 | 5.55 | 0.79 | 7.65 * | 7.26 * |
Behavior | 4.88 | 1.62 | 5.42 | 1.35 | 5.45 | 1.06 | 6.06 | 0.93 | 5.56 | 1.08 | 5.42 | 1.15 | 2.49 | 3.55 * |
Cognitive | 3.87 | 1.15 | 4.00 | 1.05 | 4.89 | 0.85 | 4.18 | 1.16 | 4.91 | 1.06 | 4.30 | 0.97 | 10.15 * | 0.93 |
Competency | 5.26 | 1.51 | 5.32 | 1.25 | 5.68 | 0.96 | 5.34 | 1.26 | 5.19 | 1.03 | 6.31 | 0.64 | 6.48 * | 7.88 * |
Awareness | 5.30 | 1.56 | 5.84 | 1.21 | 6.10 | 0.90 | 4.71 | 1.04 | 5.25 | 1.52 | 4.80 | 0.92 | 6.03 * | 16.43 * |
Domain | <10 Years | 11–20 Years | >20 Years | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T&P | Teacher | T&P | Teacher | T&P | Teacher | |||||||
11–20 | >20 | 10–20 | >20 | <10 | >20 | <10 | >20 | <10 | 11–20 | <10 | 11–20 | |
Affective | −0.96 * | −0.84 * | 0.06 | −0.88 * | 0.96 * | 0.12 | −0.06 | −0.95 * | 0.84 * | −0.12 | 0.88 * | 0.95 * |
Behaviour | −0.57 | −0.68 | −0.64 * | −0.01 | 0.57 | −0.11 | 0.64 * | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.64 |
Cognitive | −1.02 * | −1.04 * | −0.19 | −0.30 | 1.02 * | −0.02 | 0.19 | −0.11 | 1.04 * | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.30 |
Competency | −0.42 | 0.07 | −0.12 | −0.99 * | 0.42 | 0.50 * | 0.01 | −0.98 * | −0.07 | −0.50 * | 0.99 * | 0.98 * |
Awareness | −0.80 * | 0.05 | 1.13 * | 1.05 * | 0.80 * | 0.85 * | −1.13 * | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.85 * | −1.05 * | 0.01 |
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Phua, C.Y.; Chua, K.H.; Bong, W.K. Experiences of Parents and Teachers with Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Restrictions: A Study Focusing on Inclusive Education in Malaysia. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120884
Phua CY, Chua KH, Bong WK. Experiences of Parents and Teachers with Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Restrictions: A Study Focusing on Inclusive Education in Malaysia. Education Sciences. 2022; 12(12):884. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120884
Chicago/Turabian StylePhua, Chu Yun, Kah Heng Chua, and Way Kiat Bong. 2022. "Experiences of Parents and Teachers with Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Restrictions: A Study Focusing on Inclusive Education in Malaysia" Education Sciences 12, no. 12: 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120884
APA StylePhua, C. Y., Chua, K. H., & Bong, W. K. (2022). Experiences of Parents and Teachers with Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Restrictions: A Study Focusing on Inclusive Education in Malaysia. Education Sciences, 12(12), 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120884