1. Introduction
The National Foreign Language Project (2008–2020) and its extension (2017–2025) have had considerable impacts on English education at all levels in Vietnam [
1]. Besides infrastructure investment, profound changes in perspectives in English language teaching such as teaching methodologies were introduced. The traditional grammar–translation method that long prevailed in most English classrooms has shifted gradually to communicative language teaching (CLT), more specifically, task-based language teaching (TBLT), because the Vietnamese government and its people are realizing the importance of communicative purposes in learning a foreign language [
2].
Although Vietnamese education authorities have declared communication the aim of English teaching and learning and have made communicative teaching their propaganda campaign across all education levels from primary to tertiary by Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) [
3], no researchers have comprehensively examined how these approaches have been implemented across the country. The national teaching curriculum changed, and teachers began attending professional development programs. Foreign textbooks were locally rewritten or adapted to actualize communicative learner-centered approaches, with individual, paired, and group work and teacher–student interaction built on a task-based framework [
3]. However, all these preparations are only prerequisites; teachers’ beliefs are the primary drivers of how they implement curricula, and hence, realizing any curriculum changes requires considering and accounting for teachers’ beliefs and concerns [
4,
5].
Because teachers are the primary decision makers in implementing any curriculum changes, it can be necessary to explore whether they are prepared and willing to undertake radical changes such as shifting from traditional teaching approaches to methods geared toward improving communication. Professional development programs may provide teachers with knowledge to implement communicative teaching in their classroom, but changes can be difficult. Additionally, one important aspect that remained unchanged in the innovation is that language exams still test grammar and vocabulary and ignore speaking and listening skills [
5]. Teachers might be reluctant to shift to communication-based approaches.
In Vietnam, technical universities play an important role in training high-quality labour force in response to the demand of industrialization in the era of internationalization. Hence, the commitments of technical universities are comprehensive cooperation, pioneering in creativity and innovation, standardizing the engineering programs, and strengthening training quality according to international practices and standards [
6]. In terms of English teaching and learning, these technical universities commonly share the abovementioned characteristics of limited teaching time, large classes of students with diverse proficiency levels [
7], and an intense teaching curriculum, and against this backdrop, English teachers at these universities must decide how they will teach their required course materials. Within the scope of this small study, we aimed to explore how these teachers understand TBLT, whether they are willing and ready to apply it and why or why not. We specifically aimed to identify differences in teachers’ TBLT beliefs and practices on the basis of their teaching qualifications and years of teaching experience
2. Theoretical Background
Task-based language instruction appeared in the 1980s and was implemented in teaching English primarily in Asian countries including Korea, Japan, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. As a subcategory of CLT, TBLT defines communication in a target language as the goal of language learning [
8]. TBLT is also a response to the constraints of traditional approaches that teach so that learners will master certain forms [
9]. TBLT is of great interest in linguistics because it emphasizes meaning, real-world language use, and communicative activities [
9,
10]. In terms of methodology, TBLT has its own learning framework, principles of syllabus design, and procedures of material development. Most teachers follow Willis’s [
11] three phases of pre-task, task cycle, and post-task [
11].
As indicated in the name, tasks are the core concept of the TBLT course and lesson development [
12]. Researchers have defined tasks differently, but in language learning, a task has been defined as a language activity that requires students to pay attention to meaning and to how language is used in real life [
9]. In terms of language use, Long [
13] defined tasks as students’ real-world communicative uses of the target language outside the classroom that can have academic, occupational, or social survival purposes. From a pedagogical perspective, Nunan [
14] described a task as a classroom activity in which students use their grammatical knowledge to express meaning in the target language as well as to understand each other, that is, to communicate in the target language. Researchers have established that course developers must consider various criteria in creating tasks such as a focus on meaning, reliance of learners in their own linguistic resources to communicate, and non-linguistic task outcomes [
15].
Nunan [
16] identified six elements of an effective task, namely, goals, input data, task types, teacher role, learner role, and settings, whereas Jeon and Hahn [
17] arrived at five task components: goals, input data, classroom settings, activity types, and assessment. Common to the two research groups were task goals, input data, and settings. Goals vary broadly from general outcomes for the whole course to specific desired outcomes for each lesson. Input data refer to the teaching materials that will guide students in undertaking tasks in class. The classroom settings where students are to perform their tasks have important influences on both learners and teachers. Flexible settings that provide learners with pleasant atmospheres promote target language use and can help teachers control class activities [
17].
Researchers beyond Nunan [
16] and Jeon and Hahn [
17] have also shown great focus on task types, with Prabhu [
18] giving the earliest and most abstract task categorization: information gap, opinion gap, and reasoning gap tasks. As noted earlier, Willis [
11] identified six task categories that can apply to nearly any topic, but for those of us who endorse TBLT, Nunan’s task-based framework [
16] lends itself best to the classroom because of its detailed classification of tasks as real-world or pedagogical. Pedagogical tasks are subdivided into rehearsal and activation, and students undertake these tasks in the classroom to develop the skills they will need to complete the real-world tasks of using the target language in daily life [
16,
19]. Classifying tasks on the basis of different perspectives offers teachers various teaching methods to tailor to their learners’ interests and thereby promotes effective teaching and learning.
TBLT has been considered a powerful teaching approach because of its significant strengths. First, task-based approach (TBA) promotes communication and social interaction [
17]. Students play the central role in lessons, learning by completing communicative tasks in pairs and groups to develop all language skills; task-based processes activate students’ needs and interests and encourage them to use their target languages [
9,
17,
19,
20]. Task-based materials expose learners to natural language learning in classroom contexts, and TBLT is an effective approach to teaching English in Vietnam and other Asian countries where students have limited access to and opportunities to use English in daily life [
15,
17]. TBA has advantages over traditional approaches that cannot improve students’ innovation in that such approaches motivate learners with immediate outcomes for their efforts. TBLT programs also present positive effects for second language learning outcomes in a wide range of contexts in the world including K-12 institutions and university settings (e.g., [
21,
22,
23]).
Although TBLT has received considerable attention from researchers, few teachers have implemented these approaches in their classrooms for several reasons. For instance, TBLT requires creative and dynamic teachers [
24] who have a deep understanding of its concepts. Separately, the availability of genuine task-based textbooks and other materials is a primary concern in TBLT. Although Nunan [
16] gave a clear procedure for developing TBA materials, allocating sufficient task-based resources for a full course is challenging for educators. Assessment and evaluation are additional TBLT concerns. Educators must decide which performance aspects to assess, how to integrate information from performance on different tasks, and what inferences to draw about students’ language competence [
25].
3. Literature Review
There is growing research interest in teachers’ beliefs in general [
26,
27], but there is only limited work on teachers’ beliefs regarding TBLT [
28,
29]. Indeed, a systematic search of materials published since 2015 identified little literature on teachers’ views on TBLT in different contexts, not to mention the context of Vietnam. The previous studies showed diverse findings on how EFL teachers perceived TBLT and its implementation in their contexts. For example, in Jeon and Hahn [
17], Korean EFL teachers revealed a high level of understanding about TBLT but a negative viewpoint toward its implementation in classes because of the constraints such as conflicts with traditional methods, assessments, large class sizes, materials, and learners’ lack of TBLT training. One notable point was the survey instrument used in this study which was designed to investigate the EFL teachers’ understandings of concepts in TBLT and implementing TBLT in their classes and their reasons why they did or did not implement TBLT with both qualitative and quantitative data. Meanwhile, V. Nguyen, Le, and Barnard [
30] indicated that Vietnamese EFL teachers did not have sufficient knowledge of TBLT, which led to the fact that they focused on forms or grammatical patterns rather than meaning. Moreover, the previous studies (e.g., [
29,
31,
32,
33]) pointed out the barriers or constraining factors that influence the implementation of TBLT such as class sizes, materials, trainings, curricula, students’ proficiency, examiniations. The limited literature on the perceptions of TBLT and the diversity in the findings presented above motivated us to explore what was happening in the context of tertiary education in Vietnam where the studies on TBLT were scarce. Notably, in this study, we look at some of the extant research on teachers’ perceptions of TBLT from 2015 onward due to the novelty and the contextual and temporal stability of beliefs [
34].
Harris [
35] used an online questionnaire to examine 78 teachers’ beliefs regarding TBLT in Japan and found that the teachers were well aware of TBLT’s important principles and rejected criticisms of the approach; these teachers shared that they were successfully implementing TBLT in their classrooms, but the study would have benefited from more qualitative data and a larger sample.
Dao [
36] applied observations and semi-structured interviews in a qualitative study and found that the Vietnamese teacher in the case study was not implementing TBLT in the classroom because of sociocultural factors such as group work, language proficiency, and wash-back effects; however, the qualitative nature of that study made it difficult to provide conclusions on a broader context.
Pham and Nguyen [
37] investigated teachers’ perceptions and implementation of TBLT and using questionnaires and interviews with 68 university English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in Vietnam. The findings revealed that the participants held positive viewpoints on TBLT and its implementation but cited challenges that included students’ unfamiliarity with tasks, time limitations, and teachers’ proficiency. That study also would have benefited from a larger sample and a more elaborate discussion of the qualitative data.
Zhang and Luo [
38] studied 35 teachers for Chinese as a second language, triangulating the data from their questionnaire and interview responses with classroom observations, and found that the teachers were confident in the effectiveness of TBLT but skeptical about its feasibility. Factors the authors identified that hindered implementing TBA in the classroom included different cultural backgrounds and values, teaching schedules, exams, and class sizes. Despite the triangulation, the study’s results would have been more valuable with a larger sample for the quantitative data.
Jones [
39] conducted qualitative interviews with seven teachers to explore how they were applying TBLT in the classroom. The interview responses showed that the teachers did not have thorough knowledge about the TBLT framework, although they were aware of the approach in the literature. The author attributed this gap to a lack of connections between teachers and researchers.
Liu, Mishan, and Chambers [
40], in their mixed-methods study, analyzed both qualitative data and quantitative questionnaire data from 66 Chinese EFL teachers who responded to a survey and found that most of the teachers had positive views of TBLT; the teachers highlighted several benefits of the approach. Liu et al. provided several important suggestions for more effectively applying TBLT in the classroom context including conducting more studies to better understand teachers’ beliefs, developing better teacher training, and reviewing and reprioritizing assessment systems. Although this study increased the research understanding of TBLT in the Chinese context, its major limitation is that with its small sample, its results cannot accurately be generalized.
Liu and Ren [
32] used the qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with 12 EFL teachers at non-English-major universities in China to investigate their beliefs and practice of TBLT. The findings indicated misconceptions of aspects of TBLT and a lack of TBLT knowledge. Their implementation of TBLT was influenced by inadequate knowledge, TBLTmaterials, class sizes, and curricular factors such as time constraints and syllabi.
We extracted four salient points from the studies reviewed above. First, most study participants had positive perceptions of TBLT and its implementation but had doubts about its feasibility; teachers might have learned about or even experimented with TBLT but found constraints in applying the concept. Second, most current researchers used either questionnaires or interviews, occasionally both of them, possibly because of their convenience and the levels of detail they make available. Also, interviews “allow respondents to say what they think and to do so with greater richness and spontaneity” [
41] (p. 167). Third, teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding TBLT are under-researched, as reflected in the limited number of studies, and research in Vietnam and Vietnamese higher education is no exception. Fourth, the authors of most of the previous studies were limited by small sample sizes for quantitative strands, possibly because researchers’ institutions had few language teachers and the researchers had few outside contacts from other institutions to broaden their samples. Additionally, language teachers are usually very busy [
42] and likely to overlook small matters such as email links to surveys, so that without frequent reminders, they forget. The points aforementioned were important gaps that we would like to bridge; therefore, we used our literature findings and these four conclusions to design the study for both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (survey) data collection to address the following research questions:
To what extent do university EFL lecturers understand TBLT?
- (a)
Do university EFL lecturers’ understandings of TBLT differ on the basis of their teaching qualifications?
- (b)
Do university EFL lecturers’ understandings of TBLT differ on the basis of their years of experience?
How do EFL lecturers implement TBLT in their daily teaching?
- (a)
Do university EFL lecturers’ views on implementing TBLT in the classroom differ on the basis of their teaching qualifications?
- (b)
Do university EFL lecturers’ views on implementing TBLT in the classroom differ on the basis of their years of experience?
Why do university EFL lecturers choose to implement TBLT or avoid doing so?
6. Discussion and Implications
With this study, we explored the perceptions of task-based language teaching among a group of EFL lecturers at technical universities in Vietnam. The quantitative and qualitative study findings revealed that most of the teachers held positive views of TBLT and had at least a basic understanding of the approach. Teachers cited as strengths of TBLT that it encouraged students’ target language use, increased their language competence, improved their teamwork skills, and provided both teachers and students with immediate outcomes and feedback. Semi-structured interview findings were consistent with survey findings that large class size, time constraints, students’ uneven language proficiency, and teachers’ lack of social knowledge and language competence as considerable challenges to implementing task-based learning approaches. This study’s findings were also consistent with earlier results (e.g., [
31,
35,
37,
38,
40]) but different from those of Dao [
36] and Jones [
39]. The alignment and differences can be explained by the fact that the teachers lacked trainings and professional development programs to be proficient in the understanding of TBLT and that the perceptions and performance of TBLT also depend on the context where language learning and teaching are taking place.
Several participants were able to define key concepts of TBLT even if they only knew it by name, but teachers who had been officially trained in TBA were clearly more confident in their understandings of tasks, task components, and procedures for conducting task-based activities in class. Professional development for language teaching can take many forms such as training courses and workshops including on methodology to provide teachers with language knowledge and competence, instructional skills, and confidence as well [
51]. Participants in this study were qualified teachers with bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees in linguistics and teaching methodology and linguistics but not necessarily in TBLT. This was why despite their deep knowledge and professional skills, the teachers’ qualifications did not have an influence on their TBLT practices.
Nevertheless, in contrast to qualifications, years of teaching experience had a significant influence on the teachers’ perceptions of TBA. Theoretically, more experienced teachers have both vast knowledge and useful teaching skills that can increase their teaching effectiveness, but performance also improves with experience [
52], which can increase educators’ confidence in adopting new approaches such as TBLT in their classrooms. Meanwhile, whether or not a teacher can adopt a particular approach in class depends on so many factors in the teaching context such as students’ proficiency levels, class size, classroom setting, and the teacher’s interests, which is why general professional experiences also did not have a great impact on whether teachers in this study implemented TBLT in their daily teaching practices.
The positive feedback from many teachers indicates that they believed TBLT was appropriate to both language teaching and learning. They were interested in this instructional approach because of its considerable benefits such as developing integrated skills, creating a pleasant atmosphere, and activating students’ interests, and these obvious advantages of TBA gave teachers an adequate reason to implement it in their classes. Students’ improvement also convinced and encouraged teachers to choose TBLT. Students perform task-based assignments in pairs and groups, which maximizes their opportunities to interact in the target language and consequently sharpens their language skills.
Although most participants in this study were implementing TBLT in their classes, some were reluctant and even avoided it; reasons cited included large class sizes, inflexible settings, mixed student proficiency levels, inadequate teaching materials, and time constraints. This finding was in line with that of the previous research (e.g., [
29,
31,
32,
33]). Arguably, those studies were conducted in the Asian contexts, so it is not difficult to explicate the consistency in the findings about the constraints. Besides, in collectivist cultures, losing face and incurring personal damage are shameful and to be avoided [
53]. Vietnam is such a collectivistic society and in fact earns a low score on the individualism index, and therefore, the teachers here might have only cited external reasons for not using TBA in class because they did not want to lose face.
Nevertheless, a few teachers did cite their own limitations as reasons for not choosing TBLT in their teaching practice, which aligned with ones from Jeon and Hahn [
17]; those authors found that lack of task-based knowledge was an internal impediment to teachers’ implementation of TBLT in classroom practice.
Based on mentioned discussions, this study presents several implications. In terms of professional training, it is important to conduct teacher education programs which focus on TBLT backdground knowlegde including both strengths and weakenesses of this approach. That can help teachers to be ready and well-prepared instead of being reactive to emerging challenges in lessons [
17]. It is also necessary to hold in-depth training workshops in which experienced teachers should share their vast knowledge and skills on TBLT relating to planning, implementing and assessing with novices. That could build up young teachers’ confidence to implement TBLT sucessfully in their teaching practice. Some teachers are reluctant to conduct TBLT due to indequate teaching materials, so more training on course book adaptation and class material development is essential to promote TBLT implementation.
At managerial level, administrators could provide teachers with broader external supports, such as reducing class sizes, improving classroom settings and providing for regular professional development to decrease the sociocultural barriers to EFL teachers’ implementing TBLT practices in their classrooms.
At individual level, teachers do need to pay attention to significant theoritical aspects including instruction input, teachers’ background knowledge and language competence, class management, and assessing and giving feedback on students’ performance in order to adopt TBA effectively. In practice, to deal with the obstacle of time constraint in task-based lessons, teachers should encourage students to prepare task related vocabulary before lessons. Moreover, teachers should be flexible rather than following all the phases of task cycles [
54]. Finally, when working with mixed proficiency level class, teachers need to support weak students by providing clear instructions, giving them enough time to respond, repeating key terms and giving timely feedback [
31].
7. Conclusions
For this research, we investigated the perceptions on theory and practice of TBLT among a group of EFL instructors of non-native English-speaking students at technical universities across Vietnam. A total of 136 lecturers completed a study questionnaire, and 7 participated in subsequent semi-structured interviews. Most of the participants provided positive feedback on TBA and showed a willingness to implement this approach in their teaching practice because of its salient benefits, although the teachers did identify several challenges they faced in TBLT practices in their language teaching.
However, there are two limitations worth noting in this study. First, our study sample was still quite small and limited to a narrow environment (technical universities in Vietnam), so it would not be accurate to generalize the findings of this research; we call on future researchers to expand these findings. Second, we limited the number of demographic variables we investigated, but other variables may have significant effects on teachers’ perceptions of TBLT.
Overall, despite the limitations, this study makes some contributions to enriching the knowledge in English teachers’ beliefs and practices related to TBLT. Specifically, in Vietnam, although curricula have recently been shifting toward communicative and task-based learning, there is still little research on how English teachers perceive TBLT and how they implement this approach in their teaching, and we hope to fill that gap in part with this study. Although Vietnamese teachers may be well aware of the importance of teaching English as a means of communication for students, they can lack the personal capacity to adopt or institutional support for adopting communicative approaches in their classrooms. Research on English teachers’ TBLT perceptions and beliefs could assist Vietnamese language teachers in general in better understanding TBLT and increase their confidence in incorporating it into their teaching, which in turn could actively support students in learning to communicate in the foreign languages they study. Finally, findings from this research could influence school administrators and curriculum designers to remove institutional limitations that constrain instructors from following the traditional teaching practices.