Where to from Here? Women Remain Absent from Senior Academic Positions at Aotearoa New Zealand’s Universities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Acquisition
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Progress Towards Gender Parity
2.2.2. Do Gender Differences in the Age Distribution of Academic Staff Explain Why There Are Few Women at Senior Levels?
2.2.3. Do Women Advance at the Same Rate as Men?
3. Results
3.1. Women’s Participation in the Aotearoa New Zealand Academy
3.1.2. Part-Time vs. Full-Time Staff
3.1.3. When Would We Predict Parity in Employment?
3.2. Women’s Career Progression
3.2.1. Are Men and Women Equally Represented at All Levels of Academic Staff within NZ Universities?
3.2.2. Do Women Advance at the Same Rate as Men?
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- A female dummy interacted with academic level;
- A dummy for 2016, when data definitions changed, interacted with level; and
- Fixed effects for level.
- The model makes two simplifying assumptions. Firstly, we assumed that the rate of promotion does not vary within gender at each level. Secondly, we did not explicitly model being promoted out of a level, although this is allowed for.
Appendix B
Appendix C
Do Gender Differences in the Age Distribution of Academic Staff Explain Why There Are Few Women at Senior Levels?
2012 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Academic Level | Actual % of Men | Actual % of Women | Counterfactual % of Women |
Professors/Deans | 19.0% | 5.3% | 16.8% |
Assoc. Professors/Heads of Department | 15.3% | 8.1% | 14.7% |
Senior Lecturers/Principal Lecturers | 32.4% | 32.2% | 32.9% |
Lecturers/Senior tutors/Tutors | 13.8% | 18.5% | 14.8% |
Other academic staff/Tutorial assistants | 19.5% | 35.8% | 20.8% |
2017 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Academic Level | Actual % of Men | Actual % of Women | Counterfactual % of Women |
Professors/Deans | 19.0% | 5.3% | 16.8% |
Assoc. Professors/Heads of Department | 15.3% | 8.1% | 14.7% |
Senior Lecturers/Principal Lecturers | 32.4% | 32.2% | 32.9% |
Lecturers/Senior tutors/Tutors | 13.8% | 18.5% | 14.8% |
Other academic staff/Tutorial assistants | 19.5% | 35.8% | 20.8% |
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Year | Name | Established | City | # Full-time Students | # Full-time Academic Staff |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 [48] | University of Auckland (UOA) | 1883 | Auckland | 21,108 | 1596 |
2018 [49] | Auckland University of Technology (AUT) | 2000 1 | Auckland | 20,013 | 1177 |
2017 [50] | University of Waikato (UW) | 1964 | Hamilton | 12,229 | 599 |
2017 [51] | Massey University (Massey) | 1927 | Palmerston North, Auckland, Wellington | 9892 | 1413 |
2018 [52] | Victoria University of Wellington (VUW) | 1897 | Wellington | 17,763 | 1090 |
2018 [53] | University of Canterbury (UC) | 1873 | Christchurch | 14,070 | 777 |
2017 [54] | Lincoln University (LU) | 1990 2 | Christchurch | 2695 | 294.1 |
2018 [55] | University of Otago (UO) | 1869 | Dunedin | 21,108 | 1596 |
Part-time | Full-time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
University | Women | Men | Women | Men |
Auckland University of Technology | 64.4% | 35.6% | 45.4% | 54.6% |
Lincoln University | 53.3% | 46.7% | 28.6% | 75.0% |
Massey University | 63.1% | 36.9% | 44.0% | 56.0% |
University of Auckland | 50.8% | 49.2% | 43.4% | 56.2% |
University of Canterbury | 50.0% | 50.0% | 34.8% | 65.2% |
University of Otago | 59.7% | 40.3% | 45.4% | 54.6% |
University of Waikato | 54.3% | 45.7% | 28.6% | 75.0% |
Victoria University of Wellington | 52.9% | 47.7% | 44.0% | 56.0% |
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Walker, L.; Sin, I.; Macinnis-Ng, C.; Hannah, K.; McAllister, T. Where to from Here? Women Remain Absent from Senior Academic Positions at Aotearoa New Zealand’s Universities. Educ. Sci. 2020, 10, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10060152
Walker L, Sin I, Macinnis-Ng C, Hannah K, McAllister T. Where to from Here? Women Remain Absent from Senior Academic Positions at Aotearoa New Zealand’s Universities. Education Sciences. 2020; 10(6):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10060152
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalker, Leilani, Isabelle Sin, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Kate Hannah, and Tara McAllister. 2020. "Where to from Here? Women Remain Absent from Senior Academic Positions at Aotearoa New Zealand’s Universities" Education Sciences 10, no. 6: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10060152
APA StyleWalker, L., Sin, I., Macinnis-Ng, C., Hannah, K., & McAllister, T. (2020). Where to from Here? Women Remain Absent from Senior Academic Positions at Aotearoa New Zealand’s Universities. Education Sciences, 10(6), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10060152